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Structural coloration of a stainless steel surface with homogeneous nanograting formed by femtosecond laser ablation

Yoshiki Tamamura and Godai Miyaji

Open Access Open Access

Abstract

Using the two-step ablation process with femtosecond (fs) laser pulses, a homogeneous nanograting with a uniform period was formed on the stainless steel. The surface color was evaluated with a photograph taken as functions of an incident angle of white light and an observation angle. We have found that the color has more variation and brightness than that of the surface with a non-uniform periodic nanostructure produced with the single-beam fs laser pulses. The results show that the nanograting can spatially disperse well the incident light into individual wavelength owing to the diffraction with high efficiency. Calculation using the grating equation reproduced the characteristic change of the colors observed as functions of these angles.

© 2019 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement

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Figures (4)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. (a) Schematic drawing of color reading procedure of the SUS surface with the periodic structure, where α, β, and d is the incident angle of the light, the observation angle of the camera, and the period of the structure, respectively. (b) The spectrum of the light from the light-emitted diode (LED). The color bar in (b) represents the visible spectrum.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. SEM (upper) and SPM (middle) images of SUS surface irradiated with fs laser pulses, together with the spatial-frequency spectrum of the SEM image (bottom). (a) PNS at F = 600 mJ/cm2 for v = 40 µm/s, (b) interference pattern at F(1) = 400 mJ/cm2, F(2) = 300 mJ/cm2, and θ = 59° for v1 = 400 µm/s, and (c) nanograting at F(1) = 350 mJ/cm2 for v2 = 17 µm/s. The number at each peak in the spectrum denotes the period d in nm of the structure. The scanning direction is vertical on the images.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Photograph of the SUS surface with (a) PNS and (b) nanograting taken at α and β. The dotted, dashed, and solid lines denote A = sin α + sin β = 1.05, 1.20, and 1.35, respectively. The size of the color pallet is 1-mm square. The blank area denotes no observation.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Brightness V of the color of the SUS surface with (a) the PNS and (b) the nanograting plotted as functions of α and β. The blank area denotes no observation.

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Tables (1)

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Table 1. Wavelength λD in nm (color) of the first-order diffracted light at the SUS surface with the PNS and the nanograting as functions of A and d.

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Equations (1)

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d ( sin ⁡ α + sin ⁡ β )   = m λ D
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