Crystal growth and spectroscopic analysis of Ho, Pr:Sc<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> crystal for 2.9 &#x03BC;m mid-IR laser

Jianshu Dong; Hengyu Zhao; Xiao Cao; Wudi Wang; Xiaodong Xu; Feng Wu; Ping Luo; Qingguo Wang; Qingguo Wang; Yanyan Xue; Yanyan Xue; Jun Xu

doi:10.1364/OME.431031

Optical Materials Express
Vol. 11,
Issue 8,
pp. 2539-2546
(2021)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.431031

Crystal growth and spectroscopic analysis of Ho, Pr:Sc₂O₃ crystal for 2.9 μm mid-IR laser

Jianshu Dong, Hengyu Zhao, Xiao Cao, Wudi Wang, Xiaodong Xu, Feng Wu, Ping Luo, Qingguo Wang, Yanyan Xue, and Jun Xu

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Jianshu Dong, Hengyu Zhao, Xiao Cao, Wudi Wang, Xiaodong Xu, Feng Wu, Ping Luo, Qingguo Wang, Yanyan Xue, and Jun Xu, "Crystal growth and spectroscopic analysis of Ho, Pr:Sc₂O₃ crystal for 2.9 μm mid-IR laser," Opt. Mater. Express 11, 2539-2546 (2021)

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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: May 11, 2021
- Revised Manuscript: July 3, 2021
- Manuscript Accepted: July 8, 2021
- Published: July 15, 2021

Abstract

Ho³⁺, Pr³⁺: Sc₂O₃ crystal was successfully grown by the TGT method. The spectroscopic properties of the crystal were analyzed. The absorption cross section of Ho, Pr: Sc₂O₃ at 636 nm was 1.58×10^–20 cm². J-O theory was applied to analyze the fluorescence properties of the grown crystal at 2.9 μm. The intensity parameters Ω_t (t=2,4,6), radiative transition rates, branching ratios and radiative lifetime were calculated. Ho, Pr: Sc₂O₃ exhibited strong emission at 2110 nm and 2864 nm with a stimulated emission cross section of 2.4 × 10^–21 cm² and 4.2 × 10^–21 cm², respectively. The fluorescence lifetime of the Ho³⁺ ⁵I₆ and ⁵I₇ levels were measured to be 1.64 ms and 5.74 ms. These results show that the Ho, Pr: Sc₂O₃ crystal would be a potential laser material at the 2.9 μm region.

1. Introduction

3 μm mid-infrared (MIR) laser sources with short duration, high-beam quality and relatively high repetition rates are used in medical treatments, including dental tissue, vitreoretinal surgery, and cardiovascular surgery, due to the strong absorption of water at this region. Additionally, these lasers can be used for free-space communication, light detection [1] and as pump sources for far-infrared optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) [2]. Therefore, 3μm pulsed lasers play a critical role and attract much attention in wide application fields [3].

Ho³⁺ ion is one of the most important active ions applied to luminescence lasers because of favorable energy level structure. It has been demonstrated that infrared laser emission of Ho³⁺ ion acts in the range of 1.2∼4.9 μm including mid-infrared emission with transition ⁵I₇→⁵I₈ (2.0 μm) and ⁵I₆→⁵I₇ (2.9 μm) which attracted much attention in recent years [4–5]. Up to now, the 2μm and 3μm efficient continuous-wave (CW) laser operation could be achieved at some matrix such as YLF, LLF, CaF₂, CYA, YAG, CNGG, YAP [6–25] and so on. However, the lifetime of laser lower level (Ho³⁺ ⁵I₇) is much longer than that of upper level (Ho³⁺ ⁵I₆), which is not conducive to the laser operation of 2.9 μm. So, the deactivation of the lower Ho³⁺ ⁵I₇ level is the key problem for the 2.9 μm laser output at present, which is not beneficial to the laser operation of 2μm. Pr³⁺ ion has been proved to be the effective deactivation ion for Ho³⁺ ⁵I₇ level from the resonance energy transfer process: Ho³⁺ ⁵I₇ → Pr³⁺ ³F₂ [22].

Compared with fluoride crystal, many oxide host materials exhibit superior thermo-mechanical properties, including excellent hardness and good thermal conductivity, and can be easily grown by using the Czochralski method. Sc₂O₃ crystal has the high thermal conductivities of 15.5Wm^-1K^-1, which is higher than that of YAG (10.7Wm^-1K^-1) [26–27] and relatively low phonon energy (656cm^-1). Besides, the cubic structure of Sc₂O₃ crystal minimizes the thermal lensing effect and cracking from uneven thermal expansion [28]. All the results show that Sc₂O₃ crystal will be an excellent laser host crystal. But there were few reports about the rare earth ions doped Sc₂O₃ laser crystal due to its super high melting point ∼2430°C [29]. It is very difficult to grow Sc₂O₃ single crystals with high optical quality and large sizes.

In this work, Ho³⁺, Pr³⁺: Sc₂O₃ single crystal has been successfully grown by temperature gradient technique for the first time. The structure, spectral properties and J-O (Judd-Ofelt) theory analysis of Ho³⁺, Pr³⁺: Sc₂O₃ crystal were investigated.

2. Experiment

Ho³⁺, Pr³⁺ co-doped Sc₂O₃ crystal was grown by TGT (Temperature gradient technique) method in an induction heated furnace. Sc₂O₃, Ho₂O₃, Pr₆O₁₁ powders with the purity of 99.99% have been used as the raw materials with the following molar compositions: 1 at.% Ho₂O₃, 0.1 at.% Pr₆O₁₁, 98.9 at.% Sc₂O₃, respectively. The mixed powders were pressed into bulks and put into the tungsten crucible. When the air pressure in the furnace reduced down to 8 Pa, the argon gas was filled into the furnace as the protective atmosphere. Then the crucible was heated up to 2500℃, and kept for 2 hours. The crystal growth was controlled by decreasing the temperature at the rate of 1℃/h from 2500℃ to 2400℃. Figure 1 shows the grown Ho³⁺, Pr³⁺ co-doped Sc₂O₃ crystal.

Fig. 1. Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺ co-doped Sc₂O₃ crystal sample with the size of 20mm*8mm*3mm

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The Ho³⁺ and Pr³⁺ concentrations in crystal were measured by an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) atomic emission spectrometry analysis. The Ho³⁺ and Pr³⁺ molar concentrations are 0.40 at.% and 0.03 at.% in the crystal. Structures of Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺ co-doped Sc₂O₃ crystal was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) by using XD-98X diffractometer (XD-3, Beijing) with CuKa radiation at 0.15403 nm, and the scanning 2θ was from10 to 90 with 0.02 increments. The absorption spectra in the range of 300-3000 nm of samples were carried out by using Spectrometer (Cary 5000). The emission spectra and decay time were tested with a FLS 1000 (Edinburgh Instruments, England) in the range of 1700-2300 nm, and 2700-3100 nm excited by 640 nm LD pump. All measurements were carried out at room temperature.

3. Results and discussion

The XRD pattern of the Ho³⁺, Pr³⁺: Sc₂O₃ crystal was shown in Fig. 2, which was in good agreement with the standard card: PDF#43-1028 of Sc₂O₃ single crystal. It can be confirmed that the crystal structure of Ho³⁺, Pr³⁺: Sc₂O₃ does not change significantly after co-doping with Ho³⁺ and Pr³⁺. The cell parameters of Ho³⁺, Pr³⁺: Sc₂O₃ crystal were calculated as 0.98352 nm by Jade software, which was close to the cell parameters of pure Sc₂O₃ crystal (0.9845 nm).

Fig. 2. (a) XRD pattern of the Sc₂O₃:Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺; (b) standard line pattern of the orthorhombic phase Sc₂O₃ (PDF#43-1028).

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The sample with thickness of 3 mm was cut and polished for spectroscopic measurements. The absorption spectra in the range of 400-2200 nm was recorded and shown in Fig. 3. There are 6 absorption peaks centered at 415 nm, 449 nm, 536 nm, 636 nm, 1144 nm and 1920nm with FWHM values of 9.51 nm, 3.52 nm, 7.56 nm, 16.35 nm, 21.31 nm and 8.13 nm respectively, which are corresponding to the transitions from the ground state Ho³⁺ ⁵I₈ level to the excited states: ³G₅, ⁵F₁+⁵G₆, ⁵S₂ +⁵F₄, ⁵F₅, ⁵I₆, ⁵I₇ level. The absorption coefficients were calculated to be 0.67 cm^-1, 8.52 cm^-1, 1.17 cm^-1, 0.80 cm^-1, 0.39 cm^-1 and 0.52 cm^-1, respectively. And the corresponding absorption cross sections were 0.37×10⁻²⁰ cm², 4.77×10⁻²⁰ cm², 0.66×10⁻²⁰ cm², 0.45×10⁻²⁰ cm², 0.22×10⁻²⁰ cm² and 0.29×10⁻²⁰ cm², respectively. The high absorption cross section with broad FWHM at 636 nm were conducive to be pumped by the 640 nm LD.

Fig. 3. Absorption spectra of Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺ co-doped Sc₂O₃ crystal.

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According to the framework of J-O theory [30–32], absorption line strength S_ed(J,J′) and calculated line strength S_cal(J,J′) of Ho³⁺ in Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺ co-doped Sc₂O₃ crystal were calculated and listed in Table 1.

Table 1. The calculated average wavelength $\bar{{\boldsymbol{\lambda} }}$, absorption line strength S_ed(J,J′) and calculated line strength S_cal(J,J′) of Ho³⁺ in Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺ co-doped Sc₂O₃ crystal.

View Table | View all tables in this article

About Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺ co-doped Sc₂O₃ crystal, the values of Ω_2,4,6 are calculated to be 4.90×10^–20 cm², 1.06×10^–20 cm², 0.18×10^–20 cm², respectively. The J-O intensity parameters of Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺ co-doped different crystals are listed in Table 2. As we know, the Ω₄/Ω₆ is usually used as a parameter for spectroscopic quality [33]. The value of Ω₄/Ω₆ of Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺ co-doped Sc₂O₃ is 3.21, which is higher than that of YLF [4], LLY [34], PbF₂ and YAG [35]. The results indicate that the rigidity of Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺ co-doped Sc₂O₃ crystal is higher than Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺ co-doped YLF, LLY, PbF₂, and YAG.

Table 2. The J-O intensity parameters of Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺ co-doped in different crystals.

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The radiative rate A(J,J′), The fluorescent branching ratio β_JJ′ and the radiative lifetime $\tau _{rad}$ were listed in Table 3. The radiative τ_rad was closely related to laser power of potential transitions. The radiative lifetime τ_rad of ⁵I₆ state of Ho³⁺ was calculated to be 12 ms in Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺ co-doped Sc₂O₃ crystal. The fluorescence branching ratio of the ⁵I₆→⁵I₇ transition was calculated to be 36.2% of the Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺ co-doped Sc₂O₃ crystal. The results make ⁵I₆ energy level of Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺ co-doped Sc₂O₃ crystal to be a promising energy level for laser operation.

Table 3. Radiative transition rates A(J-J′), branching ratios β_JJ′ and radiative lifetime τ_rad of Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺ co-doped crystal

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The emission spectra of Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺ co-doped Sc₂O₃ crystal excited at 640 nm at room temperature were shown in Fig. 4. The emission bands at ∼2 μm and ∼3 μm regions corresponding toHo³⁺ ⁵I₇ → ⁵I₈ and ⁵I₆ → ⁵I₇ transitions, respectively.

Fig. 4. Emission spectra of Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺ co-doped Sc₂O₃ crystal.

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The emission cross section ${\sigma _{em}}$ can be calculated by F-L formula [36]:

(1)$${\sigma _{em}}{(\lambda )_{JJ^{\prime}}} = \frac{{A({J,J^{\prime}} ){\lambda ^5}I(\lambda )}}{{8\pi {n^2}c\smallint \lambda I(\lambda )d\lambda }}$$

Where I(λ)is the fluorescent intensity at the wavelength λ, A(J,J′) is the radiative rate. Table 4 summarizes the parameters of peak wavelength λ, FWHM and emission cross section $\sigma _{em}$ corresponding to Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺ co-doped Sc₂O₃ crystal. The emission cross-sections at 2110 nm and 2864 nm are 3.5×10^–21 cm² and 5.4×10^–21 cm². The emission bands FWHM are 158.99 nm and 144.57 nm, respectively.

Table 4. The emission peak wavelength λ, FWHM and emission cross section σ_em corresponding to Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺ co-doped Sc₂O₃ crystal.

View Table | View all tables in this article

The decay time of Ho³⁺ ⁵I₇ and ⁵I₆ levels excited at 640 nm were tested at room temperature and shown in Fig. 5. With single exponential ﬁtting, the fluorescence lifetime of ⁵I₇ and ⁵I₆ level were ﬁtted to be 5.74 ms and 1.64 ms, respectively. Compared with 0.42% Ho:Sc₂O₃, the lifetime of ⁵I₇ level was 8.2 ms. This is because the ³F₂ energy level of Pr³⁺ ion is close to and the ⁵I₇ energy level of Ho³⁺ ion. The two energy levels have energy transfer, shown in Fig. 6, ET process represents that the ⁵I₇ of Ho³⁺ ion transfers energy to the ³F₂ of Pr³⁺ ion. The above results indicate that Pr³⁺ ion can be used as an effective deactivation ion of Ho³⁺ ion, which reduces the lifetime of the ⁵I₇ of Ho³⁺ ion, and good for the number of population inversion between the upper and lower energy levels.

Fig. 5. Fluorescence decay time of the ⁵I₇ and ⁵I₆ of Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺ co-doped Sc₂O₃ crystal.

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Fig. 6. Schematic diagram of energy transfer between Ho³⁺ and Pr³⁺

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4. Conclusion

1at%Ho,0.1at%Pr: Sc₂O₃ crystal was successfully grown by TGT method. The spectroscopic properties of the crystal were analyzed, and the absorption cross section of Ho,Pr: Sc₂O₃ at 636 nm is 1.58×10^–20 cm². J-O theory was applied to analyze spectroscopic properties of Ho³⁺ at 2.9 μm. The intensity parameters Ω_2,4,6, radiative transition rates, branching ratios and radiative lifetime were calculated. Ho,Pr: Sc₂O₃ exhibits strong emission at 2110 nm and 2864 nm with stimulated emission cross section of 3.5×10^–21 cm² and 5.4×10^–21 cm², respectively. The fluorescence lifetimes of the ⁵I₆ and ⁵I₇ levels were measured to be 1.64 ms and 5.74 ms. All the results show that the Ho,Pr: Sc₂O₃ crystal is a potential laser material.

Acknowledgements

This work is partially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.61805177, No.52032009, No.61861136007 and No. 61621001).

Disclosures

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest related to this article.

Data availability

Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Year
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X.S. Zhu, G.W. Zhu, C. Wei, L. V. Kotov, J.F. Wang, M.H. Tong, R. A. Norwood, and N. Peyghambarian, “Pulsed fluoride fiber lasers at 3 μm,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 34(3), A15–A28 (2017).
[Crossref]
D. D. Arslanov, M. Spunei, J. Mandon, S. M. Cristescu, S. T. Persijn, and F. J. M. Harren, “Continuous-waveoptical parametric oscillator based infrared spectroscopy for sensitive molecular gas sensing,” Laser Photonics Rev. 7(2), 188–206 (2013).
[Crossref]
K. L. Vodopyanov, “Mid-infrared optical parametric generator with extra-wide (3–19-μm) tunability:applications for spectroscopy of two-dimensional electrons in quantum wells,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 16(9), 1579–1586 (1999).
[Crossref]
J.T. Peng, H.P. Xia, P.Y. Wang, H.Y. Hu, L. Tang, Y.P. Zhang, H.C. Jiang, and B.J. Chen, “Optical Spectra and gain properties of Ho3+/Pr3+ Co-doped LiYF4crystal,” J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 30(9), 910–916 (2014).
[Crossref]
D. Lande, S.S. Orlov, A. Akella, L. Hesselink, and R.R. Neurgaonkar, “Digital holographic storage system incorporating optical fixing,” Opt. Lett. 22(22), 1722–1724 (1997).
[Crossref]
J. Wu, Y.L. Ju, T.Y. Dai, B.Q. Yao, and Y.Z. Wang, “1.5 W high efficiency and tunable single-longitudinal-mode Ho:YLF ring laser based on Faraday effect,” Opt. Express 25(22), 27671–27677 (2017).
[Crossref]
J. Kwiatkowski, “Highly efficient high power CW and Q-switched Ho:YLF laser,” Opto-Electron. Rev. 23(2), 165–171 (2015).
[Crossref]
E.C. Ji, Q. Liu, M.M. Nie, X.Z. Cao, X. Fu, and M.L. Gong, “High-slope-efficiency 2.06 μm Ho: YLF laser in-band pumped by a fiber-coupled broadband diode,” Opt. Lett. 41(6), 1237–1240 (2016).
[Crossref]
M. Schellhorn, “A comparison of resonantly pumped Ho: YLF and Ho: LLF lasers in CW and Q-switched operation under identical pump conditions,” Appl. Phys. B 103(4), 777–788 (2011).
[Crossref]
Y.Y. Xue, N. Li, Q.S. Song, X.D. Xu, X.T. Yang, T.Y. Dai, D.H. Wang, Q.G. Wang, D.Z. Li, Z.S. Wang, and J. Xu, “Spectral properties and laser performance of Ho:CNGG crystals grown by the micro-pulling-down method,” Opt. Mater. Express 9(6), 2490–2496 (2019).
[Crossref]
X.M. Duan, Y.J. Shen, Z. Zhang, L.B. Su, and T.Y. Dai, “A passively Q-switching of diode-pumped 2.08-µm Ho: CaF2 laser,” Infrared Phys. Techn. 103, 103071 (2019).
[Crossref]
J.N. Zhang, D.Y. Shen, X.D. Xu, and H. Chen, “Widely tunable, narrow line-width Ho: CaYAlO4 laser with a volume Bragg grating,” Opt. Mater. Express 6(6), 1768–1773 (2016).
[Crossref]
X.M. Duan, Y.J. Shen, B.Q. Yao, and Y.Z. Wang, “A 106W Q-switched Ho: YAG laser with single crystal,” Optik 169, 224–227 (2018).
[Crossref]
S. Lamrini, P. Koopmann, M. Schäfer, K. Scholle, and P. Fuhrberg, “Directly diode-pumped high-energy Ho:YAG oscillator,” Opt. Lett. 37(4), 515–517 (2012).
[Crossref]
J.L. Wang, Q.S. Song, Y.G. Zhao, C.F. Shen, W.C. Yao, X.D. Xu, J. Xu, and D.Y. Shen, “Ho:YAG single-crystal fiber amplifier,” Laser Applications Conference. Optical Society of America, JM5A. 24 (2019).
X.M. Duan, Y.J. Shen, B.Q. Yao, and Y.Z. Wang, “146.4 W end-pumped Ho: YAG slab laser with two crystals,” Quantum Electron. 48(8), 691–694 (2018).
[Crossref]
J.L. Liu, X.Y. Chen, R.M. Wang, C.T. Wu, and G.Y. Jin, “A stable wavelength operation Ho: YAG laser with orthogonally polarized pump,” Chinese Phys. Lett. 36(2), 024201 (2019).
[Crossref]
W.C. Yao, E.H. Li, Y.J. Shen, C.Y. Ren, Y.G. Zhao, D.Y. Tang, and D.Y. Shen, “A 142 W Ho: YAG laser single-end-pumped by a Tm-doped fiber laser at 1931nm,” Laser Phys. Lett. 16(11), 115001 (2019).
[Crossref]
F. Chen, M. Cai, Y.S. Zhang, and B. Li, “A high power Q-switched Ho YAG laser pumped by two Tm-fiber lasers,” Fifth Symposium on Novel Optoelectronic Detection Technology and Application. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 11023, 110233P (2019).
M. Ganija, N. Simakov, A. Hemming, J. Haub, P. Veitch, and J. Munch, “Efficient, low threshold, cryogenic Ho:YAG laser,” Opt. Express 24(11), 11569–11577 (2016).
[Crossref]
Y.J. Shen, B.Q. Yao, X.M. Duan, G.L. Zhu, W. Wang, Y.L. Ju, and Y.Z. Wang, “103 W in-band dual-end-pumped Ho:YAG laser,” Opt. Lett. 37(17), 3558–3560 (2012).
[Crossref]
H.K. Nie, H.P. Xia, B.N. Shi, J.X. Hu, B.T. Zhang, K.J. Yang, and J.L He, “High-efficiency watt-level continuous-wave 2.9 μm Ho, Pr: YLF laser,” Opt. Lett. 43(24), 6109–6112 (2018).
[Crossref]
H.K. Nie, P.X. Zhang, B.T. Zhang, M. Xu, K.J. Yang, X.L. Sun, L.H. Zhang, Y. Hang, and J.L. He, “Watt-level continuous-wave and black phosphorus passive q-switching operation of Ho3+, Pr3+: LiLuF4 bulk laser at 2.95 μm,” IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron. 24(5), 1–5 (2018).
[Crossref]
S.R. Bowman, W.S. Rabinovich, A.P. Bowman, B.J. Feldman, and G.H. Rosenblatt, “3 μm laser performance of Ho:YAlO3 and Nd,Ho:YAlO3,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 26(3), 403–406 (1990).
[Crossref]
W.S. Rabinovich, S.R. Bowman, B.J. Feldman, and M.J. Winings, “Tunable laser pumped 3 μm Ho:YAlO3 laser,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 27(4), 895–897 (1991).
[Crossref]
M.J. Weber, “Handbook of Optical Materials,” CRC Press, Boca Raton, 122–136 (2003).
P. Klopp, V. Petrov, U. Griebner, K. Petermann, V. Peters, and G. Erbert, “Highly efficient mode-locked Yb:Sc2O3 laser,” Opt. Lett. 29(4), 391–393 (2004).
[Crossref]
A. Bartos, K.P. Lieb, M. Uhrmacher, and D. Wiarda, “Refinement of atomic positions in bixbyite oxides using perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy,” Acta Crystallogr B Struct Sci 49(2), 165–169 (1993).
[Crossref]
L. Fornasiero, E. Mix, V. Peters, K. Peterman, and G. Huber, “New oxide crystals for solid state lasers,” Cryst. Res. Technol. 34(2), 255–260 (1999).
[Crossref]
B.R. Judd, “Optical absorption intensities of rare-earth ions,” Phys. Rev. 127(3), 750–761 (1962).
[Crossref]
G.S. Ofelt, “Intensities of crystal spectra of rare-earth ions,” The Journal of Chemical Physics 37(3), 511–520 (1962).
[Crossref]
W.T. Carnall, P.R. Fields, and K. Rajnak, “Spectral intensities of the trivalent lanthanides and actinides in solution. II. Pm3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Gd3+, Tb3+, Dy3+, and Ho3+,” The Journal of Chemical Physics 49(10), 4412–4423 (1968).
[Crossref]
B. Liu, J. Shi, Q. Wang, H. Tang, J. Liu, H. Zhao, D. Li, J. Liu, X. Xu, Z. Wang, and J. Xu, “Crystal growth, polarized spectroscopy and Judd-Ofelt analysis of Pr:YAlO3,” J. Lumin. 196, 76–80 (2018).
[Crossref]
P. Zhang, Y. Hang, and L. Zhang, “Deactivation effects of the lowest excited state of Ho3+ at 2.9 μm emission introduced by Pr3+ ions in LiLuF4 crystal,” Opt. Lett. 37(24), 5241–5243 (2012).
B. M. Walsh, G. W. Grew, and N. P. Barnes, “Energy levels and intensity parameters of Ho3+ ions in Y3Al5O12 and Lu3Al5O12,” J. Phys. Chem. Solids 67(7), 1567–1582 (2006).
[Crossref]
J.A. Caird, A.J. Ramponi, and P.R. Staver, “Quantum efficiency and excited-state relaxation dynamics in neodymium-doped phosphate laser glasses,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 8(7), 1391–1403 (1991).
[Crossref]

2019 (4)

Y.Y. Xue, N. Li, Q.S. Song, X.D. Xu, X.T. Yang, T.Y. Dai, D.H. Wang, Q.G. Wang, D.Z. Li, Z.S. Wang, and J. Xu, “Spectral properties and laser performance of Ho:CNGG crystals grown by the micro-pulling-down method,” Opt. Mater. Express 9(6), 2490–2496 (2019).
[Crossref]

X.M. Duan, Y.J. Shen, Z. Zhang, L.B. Su, and T.Y. Dai, “A passively Q-switching of diode-pumped 2.08-µm Ho: CaF2 laser,” Infrared Phys. Techn. 103, 103071 (2019).
[Crossref]

J.L. Liu, X.Y. Chen, R.M. Wang, C.T. Wu, and G.Y. Jin, “A stable wavelength operation Ho: YAG laser with orthogonally polarized pump,” Chinese Phys. Lett. 36(2), 024201 (2019).
[Crossref]

W.C. Yao, E.H. Li, Y.J. Shen, C.Y. Ren, Y.G. Zhao, D.Y. Tang, and D.Y. Shen, “A 142 W Ho: YAG laser single-end-pumped by a Tm-doped fiber laser at 1931nm,” Laser Phys. Lett. 16(11), 115001 (2019).
[Crossref]

2018 (5)

X.M. Duan, Y.J. Shen, B.Q. Yao, and Y.Z. Wang, “A 106W Q-switched Ho: YAG laser with single crystal,” Optik 169, 224–227 (2018).
[Crossref]

H.K. Nie, H.P. Xia, B.N. Shi, J.X. Hu, B.T. Zhang, K.J. Yang, and J.L He, “High-efficiency watt-level continuous-wave 2.9 μm Ho, Pr: YLF laser,” Opt. Lett. 43(24), 6109–6112 (2018).
[Crossref]

H.K. Nie, P.X. Zhang, B.T. Zhang, M. Xu, K.J. Yang, X.L. Sun, L.H. Zhang, Y. Hang, and J.L. He, “Watt-level continuous-wave and black phosphorus passive q-switching operation of Ho3+, Pr3+: LiLuF4 bulk laser at 2.95 μm,” IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron. 24(5), 1–5 (2018).
[Crossref]

X.M. Duan, Y.J. Shen, B.Q. Yao, and Y.Z. Wang, “146.4 W end-pumped Ho: YAG slab laser with two crystals,” Quantum Electron. 48(8), 691–694 (2018).
[Crossref]

B. Liu, J. Shi, Q. Wang, H. Tang, J. Liu, H. Zhao, D. Li, J. Liu, X. Xu, Z. Wang, and J. Xu, “Crystal growth, polarized spectroscopy and Judd-Ofelt analysis of Pr:YAlO3,” J. Lumin. 196, 76–80 (2018).
[Crossref]

2017 (2)

X.S. Zhu, G.W. Zhu, C. Wei, L. V. Kotov, J.F. Wang, M.H. Tong, R. A. Norwood, and N. Peyghambarian, “Pulsed fluoride fiber lasers at 3 μm,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 34(3), A15–A28 (2017).
[Crossref]

J. Wu, Y.L. Ju, T.Y. Dai, B.Q. Yao, and Y.Z. Wang, “1.5 W high efficiency and tunable single-longitudinal-mode Ho:YLF ring laser based on Faraday effect,” Opt. Express 25(22), 27671–27677 (2017).
[Crossref]

2016 (3)

E.C. Ji, Q. Liu, M.M. Nie, X.Z. Cao, X. Fu, and M.L. Gong, “High-slope-efficiency 2.06 μm Ho: YLF laser in-band pumped by a fiber-coupled broadband diode,” Opt. Lett. 41(6), 1237–1240 (2016).
[Crossref]

J.N. Zhang, D.Y. Shen, X.D. Xu, and H. Chen, “Widely tunable, narrow line-width Ho: CaYAlO4 laser with a volume Bragg grating,” Opt. Mater. Express 6(6), 1768–1773 (2016).
[Crossref]

M. Ganija, N. Simakov, A. Hemming, J. Haub, P. Veitch, and J. Munch, “Efficient, low threshold, cryogenic Ho:YAG laser,” Opt. Express 24(11), 11569–11577 (2016).
[Crossref]

2015 (1)

J. Kwiatkowski, “Highly efficient high power CW and Q-switched Ho:YLF laser,” Opto-Electron. Rev. 23(2), 165–171 (2015).
[Crossref]

2014 (1)

J.T. Peng, H.P. Xia, P.Y. Wang, H.Y. Hu, L. Tang, Y.P. Zhang, H.C. Jiang, and B.J. Chen, “Optical Spectra and gain properties of Ho3+/Pr3+ Co-doped LiYF4crystal,” J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 30(9), 910–916 (2014).
[Crossref]

2013 (1)

D. D. Arslanov, M. Spunei, J. Mandon, S. M. Cristescu, S. T. Persijn, and F. J. M. Harren, “Continuous-waveoptical parametric oscillator based infrared spectroscopy for sensitive molecular gas sensing,” Laser Photonics Rev. 7(2), 188–206 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (3)

Y.J. Shen, B.Q. Yao, X.M. Duan, G.L. Zhu, W. Wang, Y.L. Ju, and Y.Z. Wang, “103 W in-band dual-end-pumped Ho:YAG laser,” Opt. Lett. 37(17), 3558–3560 (2012).
[Crossref]

S. Lamrini, P. Koopmann, M. Schäfer, K. Scholle, and P. Fuhrberg, “Directly diode-pumped high-energy Ho:YAG oscillator,” Opt. Lett. 37(4), 515–517 (2012).
[Crossref]

P. Zhang, Y. Hang, and L. Zhang, “Deactivation effects of the lowest excited state of Ho3+ at 2.9 μm emission introduced by Pr3+ ions in LiLuF4 crystal,” Opt. Lett. 37(24), 5241–5243 (2012).

2011 (1)

M. Schellhorn, “A comparison of resonantly pumped Ho: YLF and Ho: LLF lasers in CW and Q-switched operation under identical pump conditions,” Appl. Phys. B 103(4), 777–788 (2011).
[Crossref]

2006 (1)

B. M. Walsh, G. W. Grew, and N. P. Barnes, “Energy levels and intensity parameters of Ho3+ ions in Y3Al5O12 and Lu3Al5O12,” J. Phys. Chem. Solids 67(7), 1567–1582 (2006).
[Crossref]

2004 (1)

P. Klopp, V. Petrov, U. Griebner, K. Petermann, V. Peters, and G. Erbert, “Highly efficient mode-locked Yb:Sc2O3 laser,” Opt. Lett. 29(4), 391–393 (2004).
[Crossref]

1999 (2)

L. Fornasiero, E. Mix, V. Peters, K. Peterman, and G. Huber, “New oxide crystals for solid state lasers,” Cryst. Res. Technol. 34(2), 255–260 (1999).
[Crossref]

K. L. Vodopyanov, “Mid-infrared optical parametric generator with extra-wide (3–19-μm) tunability:applications for spectroscopy of two-dimensional electrons in quantum wells,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 16(9), 1579–1586 (1999).
[Crossref]

1997 (1)

D. Lande, S.S. Orlov, A. Akella, L. Hesselink, and R.R. Neurgaonkar, “Digital holographic storage system incorporating optical fixing,” Opt. Lett. 22(22), 1722–1724 (1997).
[Crossref]

1993 (1)

A. Bartos, K.P. Lieb, M. Uhrmacher, and D. Wiarda, “Refinement of atomic positions in bixbyite oxides using perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy,” Acta Crystallogr B Struct Sci 49(2), 165–169 (1993).
[Crossref]

1991 (2)

W.S. Rabinovich, S.R. Bowman, B.J. Feldman, and M.J. Winings, “Tunable laser pumped 3 μm Ho:YAlO3 laser,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 27(4), 895–897 (1991).
[Crossref]

J.A. Caird, A.J. Ramponi, and P.R. Staver, “Quantum efficiency and excited-state relaxation dynamics in neodymium-doped phosphate laser glasses,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 8(7), 1391–1403 (1991).
[Crossref]

1990 (1)

S.R. Bowman, W.S. Rabinovich, A.P. Bowman, B.J. Feldman, and G.H. Rosenblatt, “3 μm laser performance of Ho:YAlO3 and Nd,Ho:YAlO3,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 26(3), 403–406 (1990).
[Crossref]

1968 (1)

W.T. Carnall, P.R. Fields, and K. Rajnak, “Spectral intensities of the trivalent lanthanides and actinides in solution. II. Pm3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Gd3+, Tb3+, Dy3+, and Ho3+,” The Journal of Chemical Physics 49(10), 4412–4423 (1968).
[Crossref]

1962 (2)

B.R. Judd, “Optical absorption intensities of rare-earth ions,” Phys. Rev. 127(3), 750–761 (1962).
[Crossref]

G.S. Ofelt, “Intensities of crystal spectra of rare-earth ions,” The Journal of Chemical Physics 37(3), 511–520 (1962).
[Crossref]

Akella, A.

D. Lande, S.S. Orlov, A. Akella, L. Hesselink, and R.R. Neurgaonkar, “Digital holographic storage system incorporating optical fixing,” Opt. Lett. 22(22), 1722–1724 (1997).
[Crossref]

Arslanov, D. D.

Barnes, N. P.

B. M. Walsh, G. W. Grew, and N. P. Barnes, “Energy levels and intensity parameters of Ho3+ ions in Y3Al5O12 and Lu3Al5O12,” J. Phys. Chem. Solids 67(7), 1567–1582 (2006).
[Crossref]

Bartos, A.

Bowman, A.P.

S.R. Bowman, W.S. Rabinovich, A.P. Bowman, B.J. Feldman, and G.H. Rosenblatt, “3 μm laser performance of Ho:YAlO3 and Nd,Ho:YAlO3,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 26(3), 403–406 (1990).
[Crossref]

Bowman, S.R.

W.S. Rabinovich, S.R. Bowman, B.J. Feldman, and M.J. Winings, “Tunable laser pumped 3 μm Ho:YAlO3 laser,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 27(4), 895–897 (1991).
[Crossref]

S.R. Bowman, W.S. Rabinovich, A.P. Bowman, B.J. Feldman, and G.H. Rosenblatt, “3 μm laser performance of Ho:YAlO3 and Nd,Ho:YAlO3,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 26(3), 403–406 (1990).
[Crossref]

Cai, M.

F. Chen, M. Cai, Y.S. Zhang, and B. Li, “A high power Q-switched Ho YAG laser pumped by two Tm-fiber lasers,” Fifth Symposium on Novel Optoelectronic Detection Technology and Application. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 11023, 110233P (2019).

Caird, J.A.

Cao, X.Z.

Carnall, W.T.

Chen, B.J.

Chen, F.

Chen, H.

J.N. Zhang, D.Y. Shen, X.D. Xu, and H. Chen, “Widely tunable, narrow line-width Ho: CaYAlO4 laser with a volume Bragg grating,” Opt. Mater. Express 6(6), 1768–1773 (2016).
[Crossref]

Chen, X.Y.

J.L. Liu, X.Y. Chen, R.M. Wang, C.T. Wu, and G.Y. Jin, “A stable wavelength operation Ho: YAG laser with orthogonally polarized pump,” Chinese Phys. Lett. 36(2), 024201 (2019).
[Crossref]

Cristescu, S. M.

Dai, T.Y.

X.M. Duan, Y.J. Shen, Z. Zhang, L.B. Su, and T.Y. Dai, “A passively Q-switching of diode-pumped 2.08-µm Ho: CaF2 laser,” Infrared Phys. Techn. 103, 103071 (2019).
[Crossref]

Duan, X.M.

X.M. Duan, Y.J. Shen, Z. Zhang, L.B. Su, and T.Y. Dai, “A passively Q-switching of diode-pumped 2.08-µm Ho: CaF2 laser,” Infrared Phys. Techn. 103, 103071 (2019).
[Crossref]

X.M. Duan, Y.J. Shen, B.Q. Yao, and Y.Z. Wang, “A 106W Q-switched Ho: YAG laser with single crystal,” Optik 169, 224–227 (2018).
[Crossref]

X.M. Duan, Y.J. Shen, B.Q. Yao, and Y.Z. Wang, “146.4 W end-pumped Ho: YAG slab laser with two crystals,” Quantum Electron. 48(8), 691–694 (2018).
[Crossref]

Y.J. Shen, B.Q. Yao, X.M. Duan, G.L. Zhu, W. Wang, Y.L. Ju, and Y.Z. Wang, “103 W in-band dual-end-pumped Ho:YAG laser,” Opt. Lett. 37(17), 3558–3560 (2012).
[Crossref]

Erbert, G.

P. Klopp, V. Petrov, U. Griebner, K. Petermann, V. Peters, and G. Erbert, “Highly efficient mode-locked Yb:Sc2O3 laser,” Opt. Lett. 29(4), 391–393 (2004).
[Crossref]

Feldman, B.J.

W.S. Rabinovich, S.R. Bowman, B.J. Feldman, and M.J. Winings, “Tunable laser pumped 3 μm Ho:YAlO3 laser,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 27(4), 895–897 (1991).
[Crossref]

S.R. Bowman, W.S. Rabinovich, A.P. Bowman, B.J. Feldman, and G.H. Rosenblatt, “3 μm laser performance of Ho:YAlO3 and Nd,Ho:YAlO3,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 26(3), 403–406 (1990).
[Crossref]

Fields, P.R.

Fornasiero, L.

L. Fornasiero, E. Mix, V. Peters, K. Peterman, and G. Huber, “New oxide crystals for solid state lasers,” Cryst. Res. Technol. 34(2), 255–260 (1999).
[Crossref]

Fu, X.

Fuhrberg, P.

S. Lamrini, P. Koopmann, M. Schäfer, K. Scholle, and P. Fuhrberg, “Directly diode-pumped high-energy Ho:YAG oscillator,” Opt. Lett. 37(4), 515–517 (2012).
[Crossref]

Ganija, M.

M. Ganija, N. Simakov, A. Hemming, J. Haub, P. Veitch, and J. Munch, “Efficient, low threshold, cryogenic Ho:YAG laser,” Opt. Express 24(11), 11569–11577 (2016).
[Crossref]

Gong, M.L.

Grew, G. W.

B. M. Walsh, G. W. Grew, and N. P. Barnes, “Energy levels and intensity parameters of Ho3+ ions in Y3Al5O12 and Lu3Al5O12,” J. Phys. Chem. Solids 67(7), 1567–1582 (2006).
[Crossref]

Griebner, U.

P. Klopp, V. Petrov, U. Griebner, K. Petermann, V. Peters, and G. Erbert, “Highly efficient mode-locked Yb:Sc2O3 laser,” Opt. Lett. 29(4), 391–393 (2004).
[Crossref]

Hang, Y.

P. Zhang, Y. Hang, and L. Zhang, “Deactivation effects of the lowest excited state of Ho3+ at 2.9 μm emission introduced by Pr3+ ions in LiLuF4 crystal,” Opt. Lett. 37(24), 5241–5243 (2012).

Harren, F. J. M.

Haub, J.

M. Ganija, N. Simakov, A. Hemming, J. Haub, P. Veitch, and J. Munch, “Efficient, low threshold, cryogenic Ho:YAG laser,” Opt. Express 24(11), 11569–11577 (2016).
[Crossref]

He, J.L

H.K. Nie, H.P. Xia, B.N. Shi, J.X. Hu, B.T. Zhang, K.J. Yang, and J.L He, “High-efficiency watt-level continuous-wave 2.9 μm Ho, Pr: YLF laser,” Opt. Lett. 43(24), 6109–6112 (2018).
[Crossref]

He, J.L.

Hemming, A.

M. Ganija, N. Simakov, A. Hemming, J. Haub, P. Veitch, and J. Munch, “Efficient, low threshold, cryogenic Ho:YAG laser,” Opt. Express 24(11), 11569–11577 (2016).
[Crossref]

Hesselink, L.

D. Lande, S.S. Orlov, A. Akella, L. Hesselink, and R.R. Neurgaonkar, “Digital holographic storage system incorporating optical fixing,” Opt. Lett. 22(22), 1722–1724 (1997).
[Crossref]

Hu, H.Y.

Hu, J.X.

H.K. Nie, H.P. Xia, B.N. Shi, J.X. Hu, B.T. Zhang, K.J. Yang, and J.L He, “High-efficiency watt-level continuous-wave 2.9 μm Ho, Pr: YLF laser,” Opt. Lett. 43(24), 6109–6112 (2018).
[Crossref]

Huber, G.

L. Fornasiero, E. Mix, V. Peters, K. Peterman, and G. Huber, “New oxide crystals for solid state lasers,” Cryst. Res. Technol. 34(2), 255–260 (1999).
[Crossref]

Ji, E.C.

Jiang, H.C.

Jin, G.Y.

J.L. Liu, X.Y. Chen, R.M. Wang, C.T. Wu, and G.Y. Jin, “A stable wavelength operation Ho: YAG laser with orthogonally polarized pump,” Chinese Phys. Lett. 36(2), 024201 (2019).
[Crossref]

Ju, Y.L.

Y.J. Shen, B.Q. Yao, X.M. Duan, G.L. Zhu, W. Wang, Y.L. Ju, and Y.Z. Wang, “103 W in-band dual-end-pumped Ho:YAG laser,” Opt. Lett. 37(17), 3558–3560 (2012).
[Crossref]

Judd, B.R.

B.R. Judd, “Optical absorption intensities of rare-earth ions,” Phys. Rev. 127(3), 750–761 (1962).
[Crossref]

Kwiatkowski, J.

J. Kwiatkowski, “Highly efficient high power CW and Q-switched Ho:YLF laser,” Opto-Electron. Rev. 23(2), 165–171 (2015).
[Crossref]

Lamrini, S.

S. Lamrini, P. Koopmann, M. Schäfer, K. Scholle, and P. Fuhrberg, “Directly diode-pumped high-energy Ho:YAG oscillator,” Opt. Lett. 37(4), 515–517 (2012).
[Crossref]

Lande, D.

D. Lande, S.S. Orlov, A. Akella, L. Hesselink, and R.R. Neurgaonkar, “Digital holographic storage system incorporating optical fixing,” Opt. Lett. 22(22), 1722–1724 (1997).
[Crossref]

Li, B.

Li, D.

Li, D.Z.

Li, E.H.

Li, N.

Lieb, K.P.

Liu, B.

Liu, J.

Liu, J.L.

J.L. Liu, X.Y. Chen, R.M. Wang, C.T. Wu, and G.Y. Jin, “A stable wavelength operation Ho: YAG laser with orthogonally polarized pump,” Chinese Phys. Lett. 36(2), 024201 (2019).
[Crossref]

Liu, Q.

Mandon, J.

Mix, E.

L. Fornasiero, E. Mix, V. Peters, K. Peterman, and G. Huber, “New oxide crystals for solid state lasers,” Cryst. Res. Technol. 34(2), 255–260 (1999).
[Crossref]

Munch, J.

M. Ganija, N. Simakov, A. Hemming, J. Haub, P. Veitch, and J. Munch, “Efficient, low threshold, cryogenic Ho:YAG laser,” Opt. Express 24(11), 11569–11577 (2016).
[Crossref]

Neurgaonkar, R.R.

D. Lande, S.S. Orlov, A. Akella, L. Hesselink, and R.R. Neurgaonkar, “Digital holographic storage system incorporating optical fixing,” Opt. Lett. 22(22), 1722–1724 (1997).
[Crossref]

Nie, H.K.

H.K. Nie, H.P. Xia, B.N. Shi, J.X. Hu, B.T. Zhang, K.J. Yang, and J.L He, “High-efficiency watt-level continuous-wave 2.9 μm Ho, Pr: YLF laser,” Opt. Lett. 43(24), 6109–6112 (2018).
[Crossref]

Nie, M.M.

Norwood, R. A.

X.S. Zhu, G.W. Zhu, C. Wei, L. V. Kotov, J.F. Wang, M.H. Tong, R. A. Norwood, and N. Peyghambarian, “Pulsed fluoride fiber lasers at 3 μm,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 34(3), A15–A28 (2017).
[Crossref]

Ofelt, G.S.

G.S. Ofelt, “Intensities of crystal spectra of rare-earth ions,” The Journal of Chemical Physics 37(3), 511–520 (1962).
[Crossref]

Orlov, S.S.

D. Lande, S.S. Orlov, A. Akella, L. Hesselink, and R.R. Neurgaonkar, “Digital holographic storage system incorporating optical fixing,” Opt. Lett. 22(22), 1722–1724 (1997).
[Crossref]

Peng, J.T.

Persijn, S. T.

Peterman, K.

L. Fornasiero, E. Mix, V. Peters, K. Peterman, and G. Huber, “New oxide crystals for solid state lasers,” Cryst. Res. Technol. 34(2), 255–260 (1999).
[Crossref]

Petermann, K.

P. Klopp, V. Petrov, U. Griebner, K. Petermann, V. Peters, and G. Erbert, “Highly efficient mode-locked Yb:Sc2O3 laser,” Opt. Lett. 29(4), 391–393 (2004).
[Crossref]

Peters, V.

P. Klopp, V. Petrov, U. Griebner, K. Petermann, V. Peters, and G. Erbert, “Highly efficient mode-locked Yb:Sc2O3 laser,” Opt. Lett. 29(4), 391–393 (2004).
[Crossref]

L. Fornasiero, E. Mix, V. Peters, K. Peterman, and G. Huber, “New oxide crystals for solid state lasers,” Cryst. Res. Technol. 34(2), 255–260 (1999).
[Crossref]

Petrov, V.

P. Klopp, V. Petrov, U. Griebner, K. Petermann, V. Peters, and G. Erbert, “Highly efficient mode-locked Yb:Sc2O3 laser,” Opt. Lett. 29(4), 391–393 (2004).
[Crossref]

Peyghambarian, N.

X.S. Zhu, G.W. Zhu, C. Wei, L. V. Kotov, J.F. Wang, M.H. Tong, R. A. Norwood, and N. Peyghambarian, “Pulsed fluoride fiber lasers at 3 μm,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 34(3), A15–A28 (2017).
[Crossref]

Rabinovich, W.S.

W.S. Rabinovich, S.R. Bowman, B.J. Feldman, and M.J. Winings, “Tunable laser pumped 3 μm Ho:YAlO3 laser,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 27(4), 895–897 (1991).
[Crossref]

S.R. Bowman, W.S. Rabinovich, A.P. Bowman, B.J. Feldman, and G.H. Rosenblatt, “3 μm laser performance of Ho:YAlO3 and Nd,Ho:YAlO3,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 26(3), 403–406 (1990).
[Crossref]

Rajnak, K.

Ramponi, A.J.

Ren, C.Y.

Rosenblatt, G.H.

S.R. Bowman, W.S. Rabinovich, A.P. Bowman, B.J. Feldman, and G.H. Rosenblatt, “3 μm laser performance of Ho:YAlO3 and Nd,Ho:YAlO3,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 26(3), 403–406 (1990).
[Crossref]

Schäfer, M.

S. Lamrini, P. Koopmann, M. Schäfer, K. Scholle, and P. Fuhrberg, “Directly diode-pumped high-energy Ho:YAG oscillator,” Opt. Lett. 37(4), 515–517 (2012).
[Crossref]

Schellhorn, M.

M. Schellhorn, “A comparison of resonantly pumped Ho: YLF and Ho: LLF lasers in CW and Q-switched operation under identical pump conditions,” Appl. Phys. B 103(4), 777–788 (2011).
[Crossref]

Scholle, K.

S. Lamrini, P. Koopmann, M. Schäfer, K. Scholle, and P. Fuhrberg, “Directly diode-pumped high-energy Ho:YAG oscillator,” Opt. Lett. 37(4), 515–517 (2012).
[Crossref]

Shen, C.F.

J.L. Wang, Q.S. Song, Y.G. Zhao, C.F. Shen, W.C. Yao, X.D. Xu, J. Xu, and D.Y. Shen, “Ho:YAG single-crystal fiber amplifier,” Laser Applications Conference. Optical Society of America, JM5A. 24 (2019).

Shen, D.Y.

J.N. Zhang, D.Y. Shen, X.D. Xu, and H. Chen, “Widely tunable, narrow line-width Ho: CaYAlO4 laser with a volume Bragg grating,” Opt. Mater. Express 6(6), 1768–1773 (2016).
[Crossref]

Shen, Y.J.

X.M. Duan, Y.J. Shen, Z. Zhang, L.B. Su, and T.Y. Dai, “A passively Q-switching of diode-pumped 2.08-µm Ho: CaF2 laser,” Infrared Phys. Techn. 103, 103071 (2019).
[Crossref]

X.M. Duan, Y.J. Shen, B.Q. Yao, and Y.Z. Wang, “A 106W Q-switched Ho: YAG laser with single crystal,” Optik 169, 224–227 (2018).
[Crossref]

X.M. Duan, Y.J. Shen, B.Q. Yao, and Y.Z. Wang, “146.4 W end-pumped Ho: YAG slab laser with two crystals,” Quantum Electron. 48(8), 691–694 (2018).
[Crossref]

Y.J. Shen, B.Q. Yao, X.M. Duan, G.L. Zhu, W. Wang, Y.L. Ju, and Y.Z. Wang, “103 W in-band dual-end-pumped Ho:YAG laser,” Opt. Lett. 37(17), 3558–3560 (2012).
[Crossref]

Shi, B.N.

H.K. Nie, H.P. Xia, B.N. Shi, J.X. Hu, B.T. Zhang, K.J. Yang, and J.L He, “High-efficiency watt-level continuous-wave 2.9 μm Ho, Pr: YLF laser,” Opt. Lett. 43(24), 6109–6112 (2018).
[Crossref]

Shi, J.

Simakov, N.

M. Ganija, N. Simakov, A. Hemming, J. Haub, P. Veitch, and J. Munch, “Efficient, low threshold, cryogenic Ho:YAG laser,” Opt. Express 24(11), 11569–11577 (2016).
[Crossref]

Song, Q.S.

Spunei, M.

Staver, P.R.

Su, L.B.

X.M. Duan, Y.J. Shen, Z. Zhang, L.B. Su, and T.Y. Dai, “A passively Q-switching of diode-pumped 2.08-µm Ho: CaF2 laser,” Infrared Phys. Techn. 103, 103071 (2019).
[Crossref]

Sun, X.L.

Tang, D.Y.

Tang, H.

Tang, L.

Tong, M.H.

X.S. Zhu, G.W. Zhu, C. Wei, L. V. Kotov, J.F. Wang, M.H. Tong, R. A. Norwood, and N. Peyghambarian, “Pulsed fluoride fiber lasers at 3 μm,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 34(3), A15–A28 (2017).
[Crossref]

Uhrmacher, M.

Veitch, P.

M. Ganija, N. Simakov, A. Hemming, J. Haub, P. Veitch, and J. Munch, “Efficient, low threshold, cryogenic Ho:YAG laser,” Opt. Express 24(11), 11569–11577 (2016).
[Crossref]

Vodopyanov, K. L.

Walsh, B. M.

B. M. Walsh, G. W. Grew, and N. P. Barnes, “Energy levels and intensity parameters of Ho3+ ions in Y3Al5O12 and Lu3Al5O12,” J. Phys. Chem. Solids 67(7), 1567–1582 (2006).
[Crossref]

Wang, D.H.

Wang, J.F.

X.S. Zhu, G.W. Zhu, C. Wei, L. V. Kotov, J.F. Wang, M.H. Tong, R. A. Norwood, and N. Peyghambarian, “Pulsed fluoride fiber lasers at 3 μm,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 34(3), A15–A28 (2017).
[Crossref]

Wang, J.L.

Wang, P.Y.

Wang, Q.

Wang, Q.G.

Wang, R.M.

J.L. Liu, X.Y. Chen, R.M. Wang, C.T. Wu, and G.Y. Jin, “A stable wavelength operation Ho: YAG laser with orthogonally polarized pump,” Chinese Phys. Lett. 36(2), 024201 (2019).
[Crossref]

Wang, W.

Y.J. Shen, B.Q. Yao, X.M. Duan, G.L. Zhu, W. Wang, Y.L. Ju, and Y.Z. Wang, “103 W in-band dual-end-pumped Ho:YAG laser,” Opt. Lett. 37(17), 3558–3560 (2012).
[Crossref]

Wang, Y.Z.

X.M. Duan, Y.J. Shen, B.Q. Yao, and Y.Z. Wang, “146.4 W end-pumped Ho: YAG slab laser with two crystals,” Quantum Electron. 48(8), 691–694 (2018).
[Crossref]

X.M. Duan, Y.J. Shen, B.Q. Yao, and Y.Z. Wang, “A 106W Q-switched Ho: YAG laser with single crystal,” Optik 169, 224–227 (2018).
[Crossref]

Y.J. Shen, B.Q. Yao, X.M. Duan, G.L. Zhu, W. Wang, Y.L. Ju, and Y.Z. Wang, “103 W in-band dual-end-pumped Ho:YAG laser,” Opt. Lett. 37(17), 3558–3560 (2012).
[Crossref]

Wang, Z.

Wang, Z.S.

Weber, M.J.

M.J. Weber, “Handbook of Optical Materials,” CRC Press, Boca Raton, 122–136 (2003).

Wei, C.

X.S. Zhu, G.W. Zhu, C. Wei, L. V. Kotov, J.F. Wang, M.H. Tong, R. A. Norwood, and N. Peyghambarian, “Pulsed fluoride fiber lasers at 3 μm,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 34(3), A15–A28 (2017).
[Crossref]

Wiarda, D.

Winings, M.J.

W.S. Rabinovich, S.R. Bowman, B.J. Feldman, and M.J. Winings, “Tunable laser pumped 3 μm Ho:YAlO3 laser,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 27(4), 895–897 (1991).
[Crossref]

Wu, C.T.

J.L. Liu, X.Y. Chen, R.M. Wang, C.T. Wu, and G.Y. Jin, “A stable wavelength operation Ho: YAG laser with orthogonally polarized pump,” Chinese Phys. Lett. 36(2), 024201 (2019).
[Crossref]

Wu, J.

Xia, H.P.

H.K. Nie, H.P. Xia, B.N. Shi, J.X. Hu, B.T. Zhang, K.J. Yang, and J.L He, “High-efficiency watt-level continuous-wave 2.9 μm Ho, Pr: YLF laser,” Opt. Lett. 43(24), 6109–6112 (2018).
[Crossref]

Xu, J.

Xu, M.

Xu, X.

Xu, X.D.

J.N. Zhang, D.Y. Shen, X.D. Xu, and H. Chen, “Widely tunable, narrow line-width Ho: CaYAlO4 laser with a volume Bragg grating,” Opt. Mater. Express 6(6), 1768–1773 (2016).
[Crossref]

Xue, Y.Y.

Yang, K.J.

H.K. Nie, H.P. Xia, B.N. Shi, J.X. Hu, B.T. Zhang, K.J. Yang, and J.L He, “High-efficiency watt-level continuous-wave 2.9 μm Ho, Pr: YLF laser,” Opt. Lett. 43(24), 6109–6112 (2018).
[Crossref]

Yang, X.T.

Yao, B.Q.

X.M. Duan, Y.J. Shen, B.Q. Yao, and Y.Z. Wang, “A 106W Q-switched Ho: YAG laser with single crystal,” Optik 169, 224–227 (2018).
[Crossref]

X.M. Duan, Y.J. Shen, B.Q. Yao, and Y.Z. Wang, “146.4 W end-pumped Ho: YAG slab laser with two crystals,” Quantum Electron. 48(8), 691–694 (2018).
[Crossref]

Y.J. Shen, B.Q. Yao, X.M. Duan, G.L. Zhu, W. Wang, Y.L. Ju, and Y.Z. Wang, “103 W in-band dual-end-pumped Ho:YAG laser,” Opt. Lett. 37(17), 3558–3560 (2012).
[Crossref]

Yao, W.C.

Zhang, B.T.

H.K. Nie, H.P. Xia, B.N. Shi, J.X. Hu, B.T. Zhang, K.J. Yang, and J.L He, “High-efficiency watt-level continuous-wave 2.9 μm Ho, Pr: YLF laser,” Opt. Lett. 43(24), 6109–6112 (2018).
[Crossref]

Zhang, J.N.

J.N. Zhang, D.Y. Shen, X.D. Xu, and H. Chen, “Widely tunable, narrow line-width Ho: CaYAlO4 laser with a volume Bragg grating,” Opt. Mater. Express 6(6), 1768–1773 (2016).
[Crossref]

Zhang, L.

P. Zhang, Y. Hang, and L. Zhang, “Deactivation effects of the lowest excited state of Ho3+ at 2.9 μm emission introduced by Pr3+ ions in LiLuF4 crystal,” Opt. Lett. 37(24), 5241–5243 (2012).

Zhang, L.H.

Zhang, P.

P. Zhang, Y. Hang, and L. Zhang, “Deactivation effects of the lowest excited state of Ho3+ at 2.9 μm emission introduced by Pr3+ ions in LiLuF4 crystal,” Opt. Lett. 37(24), 5241–5243 (2012).

Zhang, P.X.

Zhang, Y.P.

Zhang, Y.S.

Zhang, Z.

X.M. Duan, Y.J. Shen, Z. Zhang, L.B. Su, and T.Y. Dai, “A passively Q-switching of diode-pumped 2.08-µm Ho: CaF2 laser,” Infrared Phys. Techn. 103, 103071 (2019).
[Crossref]

Zhao, H.

Zhao, Y.G.

Zhu, G.L.

Y.J. Shen, B.Q. Yao, X.M. Duan, G.L. Zhu, W. Wang, Y.L. Ju, and Y.Z. Wang, “103 W in-band dual-end-pumped Ho:YAG laser,” Opt. Lett. 37(17), 3558–3560 (2012).
[Crossref]

Zhu, G.W.

X.S. Zhu, G.W. Zhu, C. Wei, L. V. Kotov, J.F. Wang, M.H. Tong, R. A. Norwood, and N. Peyghambarian, “Pulsed fluoride fiber lasers at 3 μm,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 34(3), A15–A28 (2017).
[Crossref]

Zhu, X.S.

X.S. Zhu, G.W. Zhu, C. Wei, L. V. Kotov, J.F. Wang, M.H. Tong, R. A. Norwood, and N. Peyghambarian, “Pulsed fluoride fiber lasers at 3 μm,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 34(3), A15–A28 (2017).
[Crossref]

Acta Crystallogr B Struct Sci (1)

Appl. Phys. B (1)

M. Schellhorn, “A comparison of resonantly pumped Ho: YLF and Ho: LLF lasers in CW and Q-switched operation under identical pump conditions,” Appl. Phys. B 103(4), 777–788 (2011).
[Crossref]

Chinese Phys. Lett. (1)

J.L. Liu, X.Y. Chen, R.M. Wang, C.T. Wu, and G.Y. Jin, “A stable wavelength operation Ho: YAG laser with orthogonally polarized pump,” Chinese Phys. Lett. 36(2), 024201 (2019).
[Crossref]

Cryst. Res. Technol. (1)

L. Fornasiero, E. Mix, V. Peters, K. Peterman, and G. Huber, “New oxide crystals for solid state lasers,” Cryst. Res. Technol. 34(2), 255–260 (1999).
[Crossref]

IEEE J. Quantum Electron. (2)

S.R. Bowman, W.S. Rabinovich, A.P. Bowman, B.J. Feldman, and G.H. Rosenblatt, “3 μm laser performance of Ho:YAlO3 and Nd,Ho:YAlO3,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 26(3), 403–406 (1990).
[Crossref]

W.S. Rabinovich, S.R. Bowman, B.J. Feldman, and M.J. Winings, “Tunable laser pumped 3 μm Ho:YAlO3 laser,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 27(4), 895–897 (1991).
[Crossref]

IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron. (1)

Infrared Phys. Techn. (1)

X.M. Duan, Y.J. Shen, Z. Zhang, L.B. Su, and T.Y. Dai, “A passively Q-switching of diode-pumped 2.08-µm Ho: CaF2 laser,” Infrared Phys. Techn. 103, 103071 (2019).
[Crossref]

J. Lumin. (1)

J. Mater. Sci. Technol. (1)

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B (3)

X.S. Zhu, G.W. Zhu, C. Wei, L. V. Kotov, J.F. Wang, M.H. Tong, R. A. Norwood, and N. Peyghambarian, “Pulsed fluoride fiber lasers at 3 μm,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 34(3), A15–A28 (2017).
[Crossref]

J. Phys. Chem. Solids (1)

B. M. Walsh, G. W. Grew, and N. P. Barnes, “Energy levels and intensity parameters of Ho3+ ions in Y3Al5O12 and Lu3Al5O12,” J. Phys. Chem. Solids 67(7), 1567–1582 (2006).
[Crossref]

Laser Photonics Rev. (1)

Laser Phys. Lett. (1)

Opt. Express (2)

M. Ganija, N. Simakov, A. Hemming, J. Haub, P. Veitch, and J. Munch, “Efficient, low threshold, cryogenic Ho:YAG laser,” Opt. Express 24(11), 11569–11577 (2016).
[Crossref]

Opt. Lett. (7)

Y.J. Shen, B.Q. Yao, X.M. Duan, G.L. Zhu, W. Wang, Y.L. Ju, and Y.Z. Wang, “103 W in-band dual-end-pumped Ho:YAG laser,” Opt. Lett. 37(17), 3558–3560 (2012).
[Crossref]

H.K. Nie, H.P. Xia, B.N. Shi, J.X. Hu, B.T. Zhang, K.J. Yang, and J.L He, “High-efficiency watt-level continuous-wave 2.9 μm Ho, Pr: YLF laser,” Opt. Lett. 43(24), 6109–6112 (2018).
[Crossref]

P. Klopp, V. Petrov, U. Griebner, K. Petermann, V. Peters, and G. Erbert, “Highly efficient mode-locked Yb:Sc2O3 laser,” Opt. Lett. 29(4), 391–393 (2004).
[Crossref]

P. Zhang, Y. Hang, and L. Zhang, “Deactivation effects of the lowest excited state of Ho3+ at 2.9 μm emission introduced by Pr3+ ions in LiLuF4 crystal,” Opt. Lett. 37(24), 5241–5243 (2012).

D. Lande, S.S. Orlov, A. Akella, L. Hesselink, and R.R. Neurgaonkar, “Digital holographic storage system incorporating optical fixing,” Opt. Lett. 22(22), 1722–1724 (1997).
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S. Lamrini, P. Koopmann, M. Schäfer, K. Scholle, and P. Fuhrberg, “Directly diode-pumped high-energy Ho:YAG oscillator,” Opt. Lett. 37(4), 515–517 (2012).
[Crossref]

Opt. Mater. Express (2)

J.N. Zhang, D.Y. Shen, X.D. Xu, and H. Chen, “Widely tunable, narrow line-width Ho: CaYAlO4 laser with a volume Bragg grating,” Opt. Mater. Express 6(6), 1768–1773 (2016).
[Crossref]

Optik (1)

X.M. Duan, Y.J. Shen, B.Q. Yao, and Y.Z. Wang, “A 106W Q-switched Ho: YAG laser with single crystal,” Optik 169, 224–227 (2018).
[Crossref]

Opto-Electron. Rev. (1)

J. Kwiatkowski, “Highly efficient high power CW and Q-switched Ho:YLF laser,” Opto-Electron. Rev. 23(2), 165–171 (2015).
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Quantum Electron. (1)

X.M. Duan, Y.J. Shen, B.Q. Yao, and Y.Z. Wang, “146.4 W end-pumped Ho: YAG slab laser with two crystals,” Quantum Electron. 48(8), 691–694 (2018).
[Crossref]

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G.S. Ofelt, “Intensities of crystal spectra of rare-earth ions,” The Journal of Chemical Physics 37(3), 511–520 (1962).
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M.J. Weber, “Handbook of Optical Materials,” CRC Press, Boca Raton, 122–136 (2003).

Data availability

Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Fig. 1. Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺ co-doped Sc₂O₃ crystal sample with the size of 20mm*8mm*3mm

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Fig. 2. (a) XRD pattern of the Sc₂O₃:Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺; (b) standard line pattern of the orthorhombic phase Sc₂O₃ (PDF#43-1028).

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Fig. 3. Absorption spectra of Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺ co-doped Sc₂O₃ crystal.

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Fig. 4. Emission spectra of Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺ co-doped Sc₂O₃ crystal.

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Fig. 5. Fluorescence decay time of the ⁵I₇ and ⁵I₆ of Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺ co-doped Sc₂O₃ crystal.

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Fig. 6. Schematic diagram of energy transfer between Ho³⁺ and Pr³⁺

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Tables (4)

Table 1. The calculated average wavelength $\bar{λ}$ , absorption line strength S_ed(J,J′) and calculated line strength S_cal(J,J′) of Ho³⁺ in Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺ co-doped Sc₂O₃ crystal.

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Table 2. The J-O intensity parameters of Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺ co-doped in different crystals.

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Table 3. Radiative transition rates A(J-J′), branching ratios β_JJ′ and radiative lifetime τ_rad of Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺ co-doped crystal

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Table 4. The emission peak wavelength λ, FWHM and emission cross section σ_em corresponding to Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺ co-doped Sc₂O₃ crystal.

View Table | View all tables in this article

Equations (1)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

σ_{e m} (λ)_{J J^{'}} = \frac{A (J, J^{'}) λ^{5} I (λ)}{8 π n^{2} c \int λ I (λ) d λ}

Excited state (from ⁵I₈)	$\bar{λ}$ (nm)	S_ed(J,J′) (10⁻²⁰ cm²)	S_cal(J,J′) (10⁻²⁰ cm²)
⁵I₇	1935.68	0.621	1.176
⁵I₆	1135.76	0.395	0.478
⁵F₅	647.90	1.321	1.005
⁵S₂+5F₄	545.05	1.535	0.883
⁵F₁+5G₆	456.67	11.429	11.450
³G₅	417.92	0.403	0.892
RMSΔS (10⁻²⁰ cm²)		0.556

Hosts	Ω₂(10⁻²⁰ cm²)	Ω₄(10⁻²⁰ cm²)	Ω₆ (10⁻²⁰ cm²)	Ω₄/Ω₆	Ref.
YLF	1.52	1.96	1.05	1.85	[4]
LLY	3.25	4.45	3.81	1.17	[34]
PbF₂	0.68	1.55	1.03	1.50	Team work
YAG	0.10	2.09	1.72	1.22	[35]
Sc₂O₃	6.56	1.67	0.52	3.21	This work

Transition	λ(nm)	A_ed(s^-1)	A_md(s^-1)	A_(J-J′)(s^-1)	A_total(s^-1)	τ(ms)	β(%)
⁵F₄→⁵S₂	80645	3.28E-05	0	3.28E-05	3806.715	0.262694	8.61E-07
⁵F₅	3271	24.65382	6.155466	30.80928			0.80934
⁵I₄	1918	14.81664	0	14.81664			0.389224
⁵I₅	1376	109.1393	0	109.1393			2.867022
⁵I₆	1018	300.6337	0	300.6337			7.897459
⁵I₇	751	496	0	496			13.02961
⁵I₈	545	2855.316	0	2855.316			75.00735
⁵S₂→⁵F₅	3410	0.553263	0	0.553263	1462.628	0.683701	0.037827
⁵I₄	1965	28.10751	0	28.10751			1.921713
⁵I₅	1400	24.54436	0	24.54436			1.6781
⁵I₆	1032	112.5232	0	112.5232			7.693223
⁵I₇	758	527.4805	0	527.4805			36.06389
⁵I₈	549	769.419	0	769.419			52.60525
⁵F₅→⁵I₄	4636	0.053003	0	0.053003	2337.446	0.427817	0.002268
⁵I₅	2376	6.434586	0	6.434586			0.275283
⁵I₆	1479	80.40523	0	80.40523			3.439875
⁵I₇	975	473.9351	0	473.9351			20.27576
⁵I₈	654	1776.619	0	1776.619			76.00681
⁵I₄→⁵I₅	4873	4.587592	3.517409	8.105001	65.02549	15.37858	12.46434
5I₆	2172	23.79805	0	23.79805			36.59803
5I₇	1235	27.69984	0	27.69984			42.59844
5I₈	762	5.422598	0	5.422598			8.339187
⁵I₅→⁵I₆	3919	7.108642	9.672874	16.78152	116.1328	8.610833	14.45028
⁵I₇	1655	55.98894	0	55.98894			48.21114
⁵I₈	903	43.36233	0	43.36233			37.33858
⁵I₆→⁵I₇	2865	16.20238	21.98381	38.18618	161.2188	6.202751	23.68594
⁵I₈	1173	123.0326	0	123.0326			76.31406
⁵I₇→⁵I₈	1988	54.02439	38.6915	92.71588	92.71588	10.78564	100

Transition	Peak wavelength (nm)	FWHM (nm)	σ_em (10^–20cm²)
⁵I₇→ ⁵I₈	2110	158.99	0.35
⁵I₆→ ⁵I₇	2864	144.57	0.54

Excited state (from ⁵I₈)	$\bar{λ}$ (nm)	S_ed(J,J′) (10⁻²⁰ cm²)	S_cal(J,J′) (10⁻²⁰ cm²)
⁵I₇	1935.68	0.621	1.176
⁵I₆	1135.76	0.395	0.478
⁵F₅	647.90	1.321	1.005
⁵S₂+5F₄	545.05	1.535	0.883
⁵F₁+5G₆	456.67	11.429	11.450
³G₅	417.92	0.403	0.892
RMSΔS (10⁻²⁰ cm²)		0.556

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Experiment

3. Results and discussion

4. Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Disclosures

Data availability

References

References

2019 (4)

2018 (5)

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Akella, A.

Arslanov, D. D.

Barnes, N. P.

Bartos, A.

Bowman, A.P.

Bowman, S.R.

Cai, M.

Caird, J.A.

Cao, X.Z.

Carnall, W.T.

Chen, B.J.

Chen, F.

Chen, H.

Chen, X.Y.

Cristescu, S. M.

Dai, T.Y.

Duan, X.M.

Erbert, G.

Feldman, B.J.

Fields, P.R.

Fornasiero, L.

Fu, X.

Fuhrberg, P.

Ganija, M.

Gong, M.L.

Grew, G. W.

Griebner, U.

Hang, Y.

Harren, F. J. M.

Haub, J.

He, J.L

He, J.L.

Hemming, A.

Hesselink, L.

Hu, H.Y.

Hu, J.X.

Huber, G.

Ji, E.C.

Jiang, H.C.

Jin, G.Y.

Ju, Y.L.

Judd, B.R.

Klopp, P.

Koopmann, P.

Kotov, L. V.

Kwiatkowski, J.

Lamrini, S.

Lande, D.

Li, B.

Li, D.

Li, D.Z.

Li, E.H.