Open Access
Add to BibSonomyAbstract
A numerical double-freeform-optical-surface design method is proposed for beam shaping applications. In this method, both the irradiance distribution and the wavefront of the output beam are taken into account. After numerically obtaining the input-output ray mapping based on Energy conservation using the variable separation method, the two freeform optical surfaces can be constructed simultaneously and point by point corresponding to the ray mapping based on Snell’s law and the constancy of the optical path length. The method is only applicable for separable irradiance distributions. However, such a restriction is fulfilled by many practical laser beam shaping examples. Moreover, the restriction can simplify the computation considerably. Therefore, the method may be quite useful in practice, although it is not applicable to more general cases. As an example, the method was applied to design a two-plano-freeform-lens system for transforming a collimated 20 mm Gaussian laser beam (beam waist: 5mm) into a uniform 10 × 40 mm2 rectangular one without changing the wavefront. Simulation results show that we can obtain a dual lens beam shaping system with the relative root mean square deviation of the irradiance ranging from 0.0652 to 0.326 and the power ratio concentrated on the desired region ranging from 97.5% to 88.3% as the output beam transfers from 0mm to 1000mm.
©2013 Optical Society of America
1. Introduction
One challenge to the practical aspects of optics is beam shaping i.e. the redistribution of the beams of rays emitted from a given source. Synthesis of a beam shaping optical system usually involves determining the refractive or reflective optical surfaces with desired transformation capabilities. For example, to create a collimated light beam in medium n2 from a point light source in medium n1, the interface must be ellipsoidal when the refractive index n1>n2 and hyperboloidal when n1< n2 based on the constancy of the optical path length (OPL) [1]. Furthermore, since it involves finding an exact solution, the design of the optical surfaces must balance the system freedoms and the performance requirements. Thus, in most cases, a single optical surface suffices to produce a given wavefront or desired irradiance distribution but doesn’t suffice to meet these two requirements simultaneously.
Traditional beam shaping optics design techniques usually utilize rotational or translational symmetries, where the calculated cross section curve is swept around or along its symmetry axis to generate the 3-D geometry shape. However, the need for beam shaping optics that can distribute light beam in a non-rotationally or non-transnationally manner has strongly increased. This leads to the concept of freeform optical surfaces, which can provide much more controlling freedom. The rapidly advancing manufacture technologies of freeform surfaces stimulate the development of freeform beam shaping elements.
In illumination optics, the typical problem encountered is to produce a desired irradiance distribution on a given target surface, where the direction of the rays of the output beam is irrelevant in many cases. A multitude of freeform-optical-surface design methods has been proposed [2–10]. Among these methods, Wang’s method [5] is fast and effective especially for transforming irradiance distributions that can be factorized in two orthogonal transverse coordinates (separable). It first establishes separately the correspondence of the coordinate-variables between the light source and the target plane. Then, the freeform surface is generated point by point corresponding to the above ray mapping i.e. the next point is obtained by intersecting the next input ray to the tangent plane at the last point [11]. However, this single freeform-optical-surface design method doesn’t leave any room for an additional requirement.
In contrast to illumination optics, laser beam shaping optics is usually required to control the output wavefront as well. In this case, at least two freeform optical surfaces are needed to implement the two requirements. To the authors’ knowledge, there are few papers dealing with two freeform optical surfaces [12–14]. The most closely related to our work is Ref. 14, where two off-axis reflectors are tailored simultaneously to convert a Gaussian laser beam into a circular flat top one without changing the wavefront. However, it remains entirely silent on explaining how to carry out the procedure. We can get a hint from his previous work [3] that the two freeform reflective surfaces may be calculated by solving a complex second-order non-linear partial differential equation of Monge–Ampère type.
A new numerical two-freeform-optical-surface design method is proposed for producing a desired irradiance distribution whilst forming a prescribed wavefront from a given input beam. To simplify the computation, the input-to-output irradiance mapping is firstly obtained based on Energy conservation using the variable separation method [5]. Thus, both the input and output irradiance distributions must fulfill the restriction that they can be factorized in two orthogonal transverse coordinates, which is still suitable for many laser beam shaping applications. Then, the two freeform optical surfaces are generated simultaneously and point by point corresponding to the input and output ray sequences defined by the first step. The method is fast and can be easy understood by optical engineers since it avoid solving the underlying Monge–Ampère equation. The detailed design outline is given in section 2. In section 3, a two-plano-freeform-lens beam shaping system is designed as an example of the method, wherein the simulation results are included. Finally, a short summary is given in section 4.
2. Design method
Consider a two-freeform-refractive-surface optical system shown schematically in Fig. 1 (one or both of the two optical surfaces could also be reflective). The input and output beam are supposed as propagating toward the positive z direction and their wavefronts can be represented as position vectors S = (xs,ys,zs) and T = (xt,yt,zt), respectively. The points on the two freeform surfaces are denoted by P = (xp,yp,zp) and Q = (xq,yq,zq), respectively. n1, n0 and n2 are set as the refractive indices of the mediums on the right side of the first freeform surface, between the two freeform surfaces and on the left side of the second freeform surface, respectively.
Fig. 1 Geometrical construction of the double freeform optical surfaces for achieving a specified input-output ray mapping
Let Iin and Iout denote the prescribed irradiance distributions over the planes perpendicular to the z-axis near the input and output wavefronts, respectively. Their relationship can be described by Energy conservation written as Eq. (1):
Assume that Iin and Iout can be separated into a product of two one-dimensional irradiance distributions: Iin(xs,ys) = Iin,x(xs) Iin,y(ys) and Iout(xt,yt) = Iout,x(xt) Iout,y(yt). Thus, both (xs, ys) and (xt, yt) can be numerically specified based on “source-to-target” [5] or “target-to-source” [7,8] variable separation mapping strategies if one of them is predefined. Take “source-to-target variable separation mapping strategy for example, if (xs, ys) are equidistantly divided into n×m rectangular grids: xs=xs,j and ys=ys,i, i=1,2,…n, j=1,2,…m, then xt,j and yt,i can be calculated by satisfying Eq. (2) and Eq. (3), respectively. Then, the input and output unit ray vectors Ini,j and Outi,j can be obtained as the unit normal vectors at Si,j(xs,j,ys,i,zs,i,j) and Ti,j(xs,j,ys,i,zs,i,j), respectively, as shown in Eq. (4) and Eq. (5): Thus, the input ray sequence is defined both by Ini,j and Si,j, and the output ray sequence is defined both by Outi,j and Ti,j, i = 1,2,…n, j = 1,2,…m.The next step is to calculate the data points Pi, j and Qi, j on the two freeform optical surfaces which are desired to transform the input ray sequence into the output ray sequence. From two starting points P1,1 and Q1,1 e.g. the central points of the first and second freeform surfaces, the normal vector N1,1 at P1,1 is firstly calculated using the vector form of Snell’s law so that the ray emitted from P1,1 can reach Q1,1, as shown in Eq. (6):
wherein R1,1 denotes the unit vector of the ray through P1,1 and Q1,1. P2,1 can be obtained by intersecting its corresponding input ray to the tangent plane of P1,1 [11], which can be formulated as Eq. (7) and Eq. (8): Then, Q2,1 is obtained by equaling the OPL of the ray through P2,1 and itself to the OPL of the ray through P1,1 and Q1,1, as shown in Eq. (9) and Eq. (10): wherein [X,Y] represents the distance between two arbitrary points X and Y. Then, the required normal vector N2,1 at P2,1 can be computed so that the ray through P2,1 can be refracted to Q2,1. The entire starting curves on the two surfaces can be generated by repeating the above process.All the points of the second curve on the first freeform surface can be obtained on the tangent planes of the starting curve’s points, written as Eq. (11) and Eq. (12):
Then, points of the second curve on the second freeform surface can be computed by equaling their OPLs to that of the ray through P1,1 and Q1,1, expressed as Eq. (13) and Eq. (14): All the normal vectors at the points of the second curve on the first freeform surface can then be obtained. We can repeat this process to generate all the surface points and interpolate them to get the entire freeform surfaces [15]. The flow diagram of the proposed design method is shown in Fig. 2.3. Design example
As an example of the proposed method, a dual lens beam shaping system is designed to transform a Gaussian laser beam into a uniform rectangular one as shown in Fig. 3. To simply the calculation and simulation, the prescribed input and output beam are supposed as plane waves. In the system, each lens has one freeform surface, designed to redistribute the rays, and one flat surface. Such a system can be considered as a three-dimensional extension of the popular Galilean refractive beam shaping system with rotational symmetry. The design parameters are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Design parameters
In the design, the “target-to-source” strategy is adopted, wherein the output plane coordinates (xt, yt) are equidistantly divided into 401 × 401 points. The resulted two freeform surfaces are shown in Fig. 4, where the first surface is uniformly interpolated for better visualization. We can see from Fig. 4 that the two freeform surfaces are bended mainly in x direction and very close to cylindrical surfaces. Figure 5 shows the final dual lens beam shaping system, where the freeform surfaces are reconstructed with 100 × 100 points based on NURBS [15].
Ray tracing is implemented with the dual lens system in Fig. 5 based on the Monte-Carlo method. Figure 6 shows the simulated irradiance distributions (represented by Isimulate) on six receivers placed at 0mm, 200mm, 400mm, 600mm, 800mm and 1000mm away from the flat emitted surface of the secondary lens. Each receiver plane has a dimension of 30 × 50 mm2 and the irradiance values are sampled on the grids of 1 × 1mm2 spacing. The relative root-mean-square-deviation (RRMSD) and the ratio (represented by Pr) of the power on the desired region to the total power P are adopted to evaluate the designed dual lens system (see Eq. (15) and Eq. (16)). The RRMSD of the simulated irradiance at the emitted surface of the secondary lens is 0.065 and Pr is 97.5% (Regardless of the Fresnel losses). As the receiver distance increases from 0mm to 1000mm, the RRMSD monotonically increases to 0.326 and Pr is reduced to 88.3% (see Fig. 7). The probably major reason for the deformations is that only the surface slope is considered to compute the adjacent points on the first freeform surface. The performance could be improved by introducing an approximate second-order scheme since the first surface curvature is related to the relative change in irradiance along the ray.
Fig. 6 The simulated irradiance distributions (30 × 50 grids) on the receivers placed at (a) 0 mm, (b) 200mm, (c) 400mm, (d) 600mm, (e) 800mm and (e) 1000mm away from the emitted surface of the second lens.
4. Conclusion
To summarize, a two-freeform-surface design method was proposed for transforming separable irradiance distributions whilst forming a prescribed wavefront. In combination with the input-output ray mapping obtained by the variable separation method, the two surfaces can be generated simultaneously and point by point based on Snell’s law and the constancy of the optical path length. A dual lens beam shaping system was designed as an example of the proposed method. The simulation results show that the dual lens beam shaping system can effectively transform a collimated Gaussian laser beam into a “flat-top” rectangular one with a long depth of field and small divergence.
The computation algorithm is very fast and can also be applied to the design of LED illumination and solar concentration optical systems under certain conditions. Future work will focus on reducing the freeform surface construction errors and generalizing this method to work for non-separable irradiance distributions.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the reviewers for their constructive comments. The study was sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61178055 and Grant No. 51021064).
References and links
1. Eugene Hecht, Optics, 4th Ed. (Addison-Wesley, 2002).
2. W. A. Parkyn, “Illumination lenses designed by extrinsic differential geometry,” Proc. SPIE 3482, 389–396 (1998). [CrossRef]
3. H. Ries and J. Muschaweck, “Tailored freeform optical surfaces,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 19(3), 590–595 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4. V. Oliker, “Geometric and variational methods in optical design of reflecting surfaces with prescribed illuminance properties,” Proc. SPIE 5942, 594207, 594207-12 (2005). [CrossRef]
5. L. Wang, K. Y. Qian, and Y. Luo, “Discontinuous free-form lens design for prescribed irradiance,” Appl. Opt. 46(18), 3716–3723 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
6. Y. Ding, X. Liu, Z. R. Zheng, and P. F. Gu, “Freeform LED lens for uniform illumination,” Opt. Express 16(17), 12958–12966 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
7. Y. Han, X. Zhang, Z. Feng, K. Qian, H. Li, Y. Luo, X. Li, G. Huang, and B. Zhu, “Variable-separation three dimensional freeform nonimaging optical system design based on target-to-source mapping and micro belt surface construction, ” Sciencepaper Online 1–9(2010). http://www.paper.edu.cn/en/paper.php?serial_number=201002-443.
8. Y. Luo, Z. Feng, Y. Han, and H. Li, “Design of compact and smooth free-form optical system with uniform illuminance for LED source,” Opt. Express 18(9), 9055–9063 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
9. F. R. Fournier, W. J. Cassarly, and J. P. Rolland, “Fast freeform reflector generation usingsource-target maps,” Opt. Express 18(5), 5295–5304 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10. D. Michaelis, P. Schreiber, and A. Bräuer, “Cartesian oval representation of freeform optics in illumination systems,” Opt. Lett. 36(6), 918–920 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11. W. B. Elmer, The optical design of reflectors, 2nd ed. (Wiley, New York, 1980).
12. P. Benítez, J. C. Miñano, J. Blen, R. Mohedano, J. Chaves, O. Dross, M. Hern’andez, and W. Falicoff, “Simultaneous multiple surface optical design method in three dimensions,” Opt. Eng. 43(7), 1489–1502 (2004). [CrossRef]
13. A. Bäuerle, A. Bruneton, R. Wester, J. Stollenwerk, and P. Loosen, “Algorithm for irradiance tailoring using multiple freeform optical surfaces,” Opt. Express 20(13), 14477–14485 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. H. Ries, “Laser beam shaping by double tailoring,” Proc. SPIE 5876, 587607, 587607-6 (2005). [CrossRef]
15. L. Piegl and W. Tiller, The NURBS Book, 2nd, ed (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1997).
