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The interference between conventional multipoles (e.g., electric and magnetic dipole, electric quadrupole, etc.) is known as the cause of unidirectional backward and forward scattering of nanoparticles. However, an unconventional multipole moment, toroidal dipole moment is generally overlooked in the unidirectional scattering. In this work, we systematically investigate the unidirectional scattering in the system of plasmonic nanoparticles. It is found that the toroidal dipole moment can play a significant role in the unidirectional backward scattering. The structural tunability of the unidirectional scattering is also demonstrated. Our results can find applications in the design of nanoantennas.
© 2017 Optical Society of America
1. Introduction
Control of the directionality of scattered electromagnetic (EM) waves is of significance to many fields such as nanoantennas [1], photovoltaic devices [2] and sensors [3], etc. The directionality of scattered EM waves is dependent on the excitation of the multipole moments of the scatterer. As is known, for the Rayleigh scattering of a dielectric particle, the scattering pattern is symmetric for the forward scattering (FS) and backward scattering (BS) since only the electric dipole is excited [4]. However, by considering the magnetic dipole or other higher order multipoles involved in the scattering process, the unidirectional scattering can be achieved, based on the destructive or constructive interference of the scattered waves generated from different multipole moments (i.e., electric and magnetic dipole, electric quadrupole, etc.) [5–12]. To be specific, for a single particle made by magnetic materials [5], high-index semi-conducting materials [6–8], topological insulators [9] and spoof localized surface plasmon resonators [10], unidirectional scattering can be realized by utilizing the interference of electric and magnetic dipoles. The unidirectional scattering has also been demonstrated in core-shell particles [11-12] with quadrupoles taken into account.
On the other hand, toroidal moments have received considerable interest in recent years [13]. It has been demonstrated that the toroidal moments are significant but generally neglected in the conventional multipole expansion theory. The omission can be attributed to the fact that the toroidal moment is a high-order term [14] and the corresponding radiation is relatively small for scatterers in the subwavelength scale. Recently, it is shown that the radiation from the toroidal dipole moment can be greatly enhanced in the structures of split-ring resonators [13,15], high index meta-materials [16] and other artificial structures [17] by mimicking a closed loop of magnetic dipoles. Resonant toroidal dipole modes can also be supported by an assembly of plasmonic nanoparticles as long as the electric dipole resonance exists for these particles [18]. The radiation pattern from the toroidal dipole is indistinguishable from that of the conventional electric dipole since the toroidal dipole can be incorporated in a more general definition of the electric dipole as a high-order correction [19]. However, other characteristics of toroidal moments, such as resonance frequency, quality factor and phase of radiation can be much different from those of the conventional electric dipole. Many interesting optical responses induced by the toroidal dipole moment are thus revealed, including, non-trivial optical transparency [20], anapole [21], lasing [22], all-optical Hall effect [23] and nanoantennas [24], etc.
In this paper, we show that the toroidal dipolar excitation can indeed play an important role in the unidirectional scattering of an assembly of nanoparticles. The unidirectional backward scattering can be interpreted by the interference between the toroidal dipole and other conventional multipoles. Furthermore, the enhanced BS and FS of this assembly can be tuned by geometric parameters of the constituent nanoparticles.
2. Multipole expansion method
Here, we consider the scattering properties of a system composed of three electric dipoles, which has been proved to be a platform for toroidal moments in a wide range of frequencies [18]. The system under study is shown in Fig. 1. Three plasmonic nanospheres are aligned along the y-axis. The center-to-center distance between the neighboring particles is d. The radius of the central sphere is R2, different from the radii of the side ones (R1 = R3). The background is the free space in our study. The permittivity of plasmonic nanospheres is described according to the Drude model with , where ωp is the plasma frequency and γ is the electron scattering rate. We consider an incident plane wave propagating along the positive y axis with , where E0 is the amplitude, ki = ω/c is the wave vector, c is the speed of light in vacuum. The factor of time harmonics e-iωt is omitted here. The nanospheres can be treated as point dipoles since the radii of nanospheres we consider are much smaller than the incident wavelength. To justify the dipole approximation, the scattering cross section Csca for single plasmonic nanospheres calculated by the Mie theory [4] is shown in Fig. 2(a) for different radii. It is found that the dipolar term n = 1 is dominant in the spectral range we are interested in. The induced dipole moment pi (i = 1, 2, 3) located at ri can be determined by the following coupled dipole equation [25]:
where is the polarizability of i-th nanosphere, a1(ω) is the electric dipolar term of the Mie coefficients [4], represents the external electric field on the i-th nanosphere, is the dyadic Green function. The dipole moment for each nanoparticle can be obtained through the above equation. As a result, the total multipole moments for the tri-particle assembly, such as the electric dipole P, magnetic dipole M, toroidal dipole T, electric quadrupole Qe, and magnetic quadrupole Qm can also be obtained through the above-calculated point dipoles pi as follows [18]:electric dipole moment:magnetic dipole moment:toriodal dipole moment:electric quadrupole moment:and magnetic quadrupole moment:Other higher-order terms are negligible in this study. Note that the expressions here are the results under the long wavelength approximation. These can be treated as the lowest order terms of the exact expressions for multipole moments. The expressions of the electric dipole moment in Eq. (2) and toroidal dipole moment in Eq. (4) can be incorporated in a more general form [26]. The radiation power from these different multipole moments can be easily achieved as follows [13, 23]:Meanwhile, the scattered electric field in the far field can be given by these multipole moments [27-28]:where R(r) = k02eik0r/r is the radial factor of the scattering electric fields, r is the radial distance of the far-field detector, F(θ, ϕ) is the polar (θ) and azimuthal (ϕ) factor of the scattered electric field. The subscripts of F(θ,ϕ) stand for different multipole moments with Fp = n × (p × n), FT = n × (ik0T × n), Fm = M × n, and Here n = r/r is the unit vector in the radial direction. For the FS or BS, the unit vector n is parallel or opposite to the direction of incident wave vector ki, respectively. Noted that Fm(θ, ϕ) and FQe(θ, ϕ) are odd functions of n and their signs will be flipped from FS to BS, whereas Fp,T,Qm(θ, ϕ) are even function of n and the scattered electric fields generated by these three multipole moments are symmetric for BS and FS.
Fig. 1 Schematic view of the system under study. The incident wave is polarized along the z axis. The radii of three plasmonic nanospheres are R1, R2 and R3, respectively, from left to right. The BS (backward scattering) and FS (forward scattering) are along the direction of -ki and ki, respectively.
Fig. 2 (a) Scattering cross section for single plasmonic nanospheres with different radii, the solid lines represent the contribution from the dipolar term with n = 1. (b) Scattering intensity of BS and FS as functions of the frequency, calculated by the electric dipole approximation (solid lines) and COMSOL Multiphysics (dashed lines), respectively. (c) Ratio of BS to FS intensity. The blue solid line is calculated from the radiation of the multipole moments (P, T, M, Qe and Qm) of the tri-particle assembly, while the dashed line is the simulated result. The insets show the angular distribution of the scattering intensity in the far field for three different frequencies. Here we set R1 = R3 = 20 nm, R2 = 25 nm, and d = 60 nm.
3. Results and discussions
We can investigate the scattered fields in the far field by summing up the contributions from all the multipoles in Eq. (8). The scattering intensity I = Es*Es versus the incident frequency for the FS and BS are shown in Fig. 2(b). Here, we set R1 = R3 = 20 nm, R2 = 25 nm, d = 60 nm, ωp = 6.18 eV, and the nanospheres are assumed to be lossless with γ = 0. The spectra of scattering intensity for BS and FS are quite different. The maximal ratio of BS to FS intensity appears at the frequency of 0.532ωp, at which the scattering intensity of FS has a dip. The peak ratio of BS to FS intensity is about 20, which is much larger than the typical maximal ratio of BS to FS for a PEC sphere with 9:1 [29]. The peak ratio of BS to FS is denoted by BS/FSmax (dashed gray line). The results simulated by COMSOL Multiphysics are also shown for comparison. It is noted that there only exists a small deviation of frequency for BS/FSmax between the analytical and numerical results. This small deviation comes from the finite-size effect of nanospheres. The angular distributions of the scattering intensity in the far field are shown in the insets of Fig. 2(c) for three different frequencies indicated by the red dots.
To analyze the underlying mechanism of the unidirectional scattering, the radiation power from different channels of multipole moments are given in Fig. 3(a). The parameters are kept the same as those in Fig. 2(b). Two types of resonant modes in our system are efficiently excited. One mode with resonance frequency ω~0.528ωp possesses a resonant peak of toroidal and electric dipole moment. This has been demonstrated to be a special kind of symmetric mode where the side dipoles are out of phase with the central one [18]. The other is a resonant magnetic dipole mode (resonance frequency ω~0.547ωp). This is an asymmetric mode with the two side dipoles oscillating out of phase while the dipole moment of the central one vanishing. The frequency of BS/FSmax locates between the resonances frequencies of these two modes, which is represented by the dashed gray line in Fig. 3(a). It is noted that the radiation power from the total electric dipole moment P almost reduces to zero at the frequency of BS/FSmax. The corresponding near field distribution of the E and H field at the frequency of BS/FSmax is shown in Fig. 3(b). The electric field has been enhanced remarkably near the surface of spheres. Meanwhile, a “toroidal-like” distribution of the magnetic field is observed clearly, manifesting the significant role that the toroidal moment plays in this unidirectional scattering. For the FS, the scattered electric field Es are decomposed into different channels of multipole moments as shown in Figs. 3(c) and 3(d). In Fig. 3(c), the amplitude of FT + FQm is almost the same as that of Fm + FQe at the frequency of BS/FSmax (|FT + FQm|/|Fm + FQe|~0.9). However, the phase difference between these two pairs, namely, (FT, FQm) and (Fm, FQe), is nearly π at the frequency of BS/FSmax as shown in Fig. 3(d). Note that the scattered electric fields generated by FT and FQm, Fm and FQe are in phase for the FS. Thus, they destructively interfere in the far field, leading to the significant suppression of FS. For the BS (not shown), the scattered electric fields generated by these two pairs, (T, Qm) and (M, Qe), constructively interfere in the backward direction since the radiation phase of (M, Qe) are reversed. Thus the BS can be dramatically enhanced in the far field.
Fig. 3 (a) Radiation spectra of different multipole moments, including electric dipole (P), magnetic dipole (M), toroidal dipole (T), electric quadrupole (Qe) and magnetic quadrupole (Qm). (b) Spatial profile of the electric and magnetic field at the frequency of the maximum of BS/FS. For the forward scattering, the amplitude and phase of scattered electric waves for different multipole moments in the far field are shown in (c) and (d), respectively. The colors in (c) and (d) represent the same multipole moments as those in (a). The dashed gray line indicates the frequency of the maximum of BS/FS (marked by BS/FSmax in Fig. 2(c)). The geometric parameters are the same as those in Fig. 2(b).
Tunable directionality is highly desirable in the design of nanoantennas. In Fig. 4(a), the ratio of BS intensity to FS intensity versus the radius of central nanosphere R2 and the incident frequency is given. The equal intensity with BS/FS = 1 is marked by the black curves. The directionality of scattered waves of the tri-particle assembly changes as we tune the radius of R2. For instance, the angular distribution of scattered light can be switched from primarily FS to BS at the frequency of ω~0.53ωp when R2 varies from 21 nm to 26 nm. For R2>20 nm, the frequency regime for the backward directionality broadens as R2 increases. Meanwhile, the maximal ratio of BS/FS becomes larger. For R2<20 nm, however, the FS is dominant over the whole spectrum. Interestingly, the ratio of BS/FS can be extremely small (less than 0.02) as R2~21 nm, represented by the black region in Fig. 4(a), manifesting the significant suppression of BS. In Fig. 4(b), we plot the angular distribution of the scattering intensity in the far field (y-z plane) for the points A and B marked in Fig. 4(a). The angular distributions are completely different at these two frequencies. Strong suppression of BS is found at the point A, while significant enhancement of BS is observed at the point B. The directionality here can also be interpreted by the interference of multipoles. The amplitude and phase of scattered electric fields radiated from each multipole moments are shown in Figs. 4(c) and 4(d). At the frequency of point A (orange dashed line in Fig. 4(c)), the amplitude of the scattered electric fields contributed from P and M (Qe) are much larger than those from T and Qm, therefore we can only consider P and M (Qe) at point A. The phase difference of scattered electric fields generated by P and M (Qe) are very small. Hence, they will constructively interfere in forward direction, yielding strong FS at point A. At point B (gray dashed line in Fig. 4(c)), the scattered electric field induced by T is the dominant one. However, the phase of scattered fields generated by T (Qm) differs by almost π compared to those of P and M (Qe) as shown in Fig. 4(d), leading to the destructive interference in the forward direction. As a result, the strongly enhanced BS can be observed.
Fig. 4 (a) Ratio of BS intensity to FS intensity as a function of the radius R2 of the central nanosphere and incident frequency. Other parameters are kept the same as those in Fig. 2(b). The black curves represent the equal intensity of BS and FS. The ratio of BS/FS is very low (<0.02) in the black colored region. (b) Angular distribution of the scattering intensity in the far field for the point A and B marked in (a), where the red arrow indicates the direction of incident waves. In (c) and (d), the amplitude and phase of scattered electric fields radiated by different multipole moments in the forward direction are shown for R2 = 22 nm (corresponding to the dashed white line in (a)). In (c) and (d), the multipole moments are shown by the same color as those in Fig. 3.
The BS/FS ratio as a function of separation distance d and incident angle θi are shown in Fig. 5(a) and Fig. 5(b) respectively. It is found that the unidirectional backward scattering can exist as the separation distance d varies. The maximal ratio of BS/FS increases as d decreases, and the frequency for BS/FSmax undergoes a red shift. For different incident angle θi, we calculated the ratio of far-field scattering intensity in the –y direction to that in the y direction. The unidirectional scattering also exists in a wide range of incident angles as illustrated in Fig. 5(b). The scattering pattern in the far field for different incident angles θi are shown in Figs. 5 (c) and 5(d) for the frequency ω = 0.531ωp and ω = 0.538 ωp, respectively. It is found that small incident angle is preferred for the unidirectional scattering.
Fig. 5 (a) BS/ FS as a function of separation distance d. The maximal ratio increases as d decreases. (b) Ratio of scattering intensity in the –y direction to that in the y direction for different incident angle θi. d = 60 nm is fixed here. The black curves represent BS/FS = 1. The scattering pattern in the far field for different incident angles θi are shown for ω = 0.531 ωp (c) and ω = 0.538 ωp (d). The other parameters are the same as those in Fig. 2(b).
The plasmonic nanospheres can be embedded in dielectric background of glass, or TiO2 etc. In Fig. 6(a), we show BS/FS for the system embedded in different background medium. The frequency for unidirectional backward scattering has a red shift as εb increases. To achieve large toroidal moments, the optimization of R1 and R3 is needed. In the quasi-static limit, the pure toroidal resonance occurs at R2 = (15/8)1/3R1≈1.23 R1 which can be derived analytically [18]. However, deviation exists as the retardation effect is considered. In Fig. 6(b), BS/FS for different radii (R1, R3) of side nanospheres are shown, where we fix R2 = 25 nm and d = 60 nm. It is found that the maximum of BS/FS increase as the radii of side nanospheres decrease, meanwhile, a blue shift of unidirectional backward scattering takes place. The plasmonic dissipation can reduce the performance of toroidal dipole in the assembly of plasmonic nanoparticles. Compared with the lossless case with γ = 0, the maximum of BS/FS decreases as we take γ = 0.003 ωp. For silver with realistic permittivity [30], the ratio of BS/FS are given in Fig. 6(c), where we set the refractive index of the background medium nb = 2.4 (e.g., TiO2 in the visible frequency), R1 = R3 = 15 nm, R3 = 25 nm and d = 45 nm. The maximal BF/FS is about 3. The corresponding radiation spectra for different multipole moments are shown in Fig. 6(d). The line shape is quite similar to those in Fig. 3(a). Again, the toroidal dipolar excitation plays a key role in the unidirectional scattering. The assembly of nanospheres can be realized experimentally by capillary-driven self-assembly method [31] or other techniques [32-33]. Since we use point dipole model in our study, the nanospheres can also be replaced by nano-disks [18,34] or other kind of nanoparticles.
Fig. 6 BS/FS for different permittivity of background medium εb (a) and radii of side nanospheres (b). In (b), the solid and dashed lines represents γ = 0 and γ = 0.003 ωp, respectively. The background is the free space. Other parameters in (a) and (b) are kept the same as those in Fig. 2(b). In (c), the ratio of BS/FS for the assembly of silver nanospheres embedded in TiO2 are shown by the black lines, where we set R1 = R3 = 15 nm, R2 = 25 nm and d = 45 nm. The corresponding radiation power for different multipoles are plotted in (d), where the gray dashed line represents the frequency of maximal BS/FS. In (a) and (c), the discrete triangles are calculated by COMSOL Multiphysics.
Note that the unidirectional backward scattering has also been revealed in many systems [7, 11, 35-36] at visible frequencies. In experiments, the maximal BS/FS is about 2 for single silicon nanospheres [7] and gold-silicon nanosphere dimers [35]. Theoretically, it can reach about 10 for silicon sphere dimers [36] and 12 for metallic-dielectric core-shell spheres [11]. In the system of plasmonic nanospheres, the maximal ratio of BS/FS can reach ~50 if no loss is considered. The maximal BS/FS can remain in the order of 10 for γ~0.003ωp with loss taken into account. The ratio of BS/FSmax can be further enhanced by optimizing parameters (such as the shape of nanoparticles, separation distance etc.). Meanwhile, the loss may be compensated by gain media in order to further enhance the ratio of BS/FS [37].
4. Conclusion
In summary, we study the unidirectional scattering for the system of three plasmonic nanoparticles. The asymmetric scattering in the forward and backward direction is analyzed and illustrated by the estimation of the radiation from all the multipole moments. We find that in the unidirectional scattering, the toroidal dipole moment can be significant and work together with other conventional multipole moments. The maximal ratio of BS to FS can be interpreted by the fact that the scattered fields of T, Qm are out of phase with those of M, Qe (in some case, P is not negligible and should be taken into account) in the forward direction, while they are in phase in the backward direction. Theoretically, the unidirectional scattering for three electric dipoles can also be interpreted by analyzing the phase and magnitude of each electric dipole. However, estimation of total multipole moments of the whole system serves as a simple way to achieve the unidirectional scattering, especially for the case of large number of nanoparticles or other complicated structures. The unidirectional scattering may also be found in other artificial structures which support toroidal dipole moments, providing another mechanism for the unidirectional scattering. Our study of the unidirectional scattering may find not only potential applications in the design of nanoantennas, but also theoretical interest in the investigation of EM properties of the elusive toroidal moment.
Funding
National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Grant No. 11574037); Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. CQDXWL-2014-Z005 and 106112016CDJCR301205); Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education).
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