Performance improvement of compressive light field display with the viewing-position-dependent weight distribution

Duo Chen; Xinzhu Sang; Xunbo Yu; Xia Zeng; Songlin Xie; Nan Guo

doi:10.1364/OE.24.029781

1. Introduction

Currently, three-dimensional (3D) display has made a great progress. Different kinds of glasses-free 3D displays are demonstrated, such as autostereoscopic display with lenticular sheet [1] and integral imaging [2]. Super multi-views, smoother parallax and high resolution are important for the high-performance 3D display [3–8]. However, the intrinsic spatial-angular resolution tradeoff and narrow field of view hinder further applications of the available 3D display [9].

In recent years, compressive light field display has been put forward [10]. It is a distinct kind of computational display which overcomes limits of purely optical designs by computation [9]. Enabled by multilayer and time-multiplexed multiframe decompositions, it can provide three-dimensional scenes with features of high spatial-angular resolution and without periodically repeating view-zones. There are several multilayer implementations, including Content-Adaptive Parallax Barriers [11], Layered 3D Displays [12], Polarization Fields Displays [13], Tensor Displays [14] and near-eye display [15]. Though these prototypes can present 3D contents efficiently, there are still some limitations on the displaying performance, such as poor image quality and limited field of view (FOV). To address the limitation of FOV, eyes tracking was introduced and the light field was optimized to create two narrow view cones directed to viewer’s eyes [16]. However, two problems occur for this method, including view switching jumps and vulnerable eye tracking precision.

Here, compressive light field display with the viewing-position-dependent weight distribution is presented. When the viewer’s position is located, a viewing-position-dependent weight distribution function can be established. High weights are given to the relevant views directed to the viewing-position. Such views would be emphasized in the layers’ optimization, and 3D displaying performance can be noticeably improved. Simulations and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, in situations of narrow FOV, wide FOV and multi-viewers. Peak signal-noise-ration (PSNR) is increased by $7 d B$ for the compressive light field display with narrow FOV. The angle for wide FOV is expended to $7 0^{\circ} \times 6 0^{\circ}$ and four viewers are supported.

Several points for the proposed method are different from the previous basic method. A weighted objective function is used to replace the basic objective function, and related views can be assigned to high weights which enhance displaying performance. The image quality can be flexibly adjusted by modifying function parameters, even when the covered views are fixed. A smooth switching between adjacent views can be provided, even when the number of covered views is very small. The viewing-position-dependent weight distribution can be established in the dark surrounding, which is little influenced by the ambient light.

2. The weighted compressive light field

2.1 Theory

Generally, light rays can be modulated on different directions when passing through stacked LCD layers. In the basic compressive light field display, as shown in Fig. 1(a), multi-layers are optimized so that the emitted view can approach the target view. Multi-frames are used to improve precision. The basic objective function of tensor display is given by the following expression,

\begin{array}{l} \min (\sum_{i} {‖ β \tilde{l_{i}} - l_{i} ‖}^{2}), (i \in N u m X \times N u m Y) \\ l_{i} = \frac{1}{M} \sum_{m = 1}^{M} f_{m i}^{(1)} \circ f_{m i}^{(2)} \circ \dots \circ f_{m i}^{(N)} \end{array}

where

\tilde{l_{i}}

is the target light filed,

β

is the brightness,

l_{i}

is the emitted light, and

l_{i}

is also the average of vector product of N LCD layers. I belongs to

N u m X \times N u m Y

views, and these views are evenly involved in optimization.

Fig. 1 The schematic diagram of (a) the basic compressive light field and (b) the weight compressive light field.

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However, in general, the viewer cannot watch all views at the same time. Here, the method of weighted compressive light field display is used, based on the viewing-position-dependent weight distribution, as shown in Fig. 1(b). Weighted compressive light field means that the weight of each viewpoint is decimal fraction instead of binary in the objective function. The weighted objective function can be written as the following expression,

\min (\sum_{i} {‖ w_{i} β \tilde{l_{i}} - w_{i} l_{i} ‖}^{2}), (i \in N u m X \times N u m Y, 0 \leq w_{i} \leq 1)

where

w_{i}

is the weight of emitted view

l_{i}

and target view

l_{i}

. This expression can be solved by applying weighted non-negative tensor factorization (WNTF), which was used to address overlapped subpixels in [17]. The update rules of

f_{m}^{(n)}

are given as following expression,

f_{m}^{(n)} = f_{m}^{(n)} \circ \frac{\sum_{i \in N u m X \times N u m Y} (w_{i} (β l_{i} \circ K_{i}))}{\sum_{i \in N u m X \times N u m Y} (w_{i} (J_{i} \circ K_{i}))}

in which, the expressions of

J_{i}

and

K_{i}

are given as following,

J_{i} = \frac{1}{M} (\sum_{m = 1}^{M} f_{m i}^{(1)} \circ f_{m i}^{(2)} \dots f_{m i}^{(n)} \dots f_{m i}^{(N)})

K_{i} = \frac{1}{M} (\sum_{m = 1}^{M} f_{m i}^{(1)} \circ f_{m i}^{(2)} \dots f_{m i}^{(n - 1)} \circ f_{m i}^{(n + 1)} \dots f_{m i}^{(N)})

In Eq. (1), the basic compressive display evenly involves all views into computation, and the residue error of each view is even. Whereas in Eq. (2), views of the weighted compressive display are unevenly optimized. If a view’s weight is higher, its residue errors will be less and the image quality will be improved. Therefore, performance improvement of compressive light field display can be achieved.

2.2 Viewing-position-dependent weight distribution function

In the basic tracking method, Kinect was used to track eyes [16]. However, non-uniform illumination may reduce the precision of eye tracking. Here, Kinect is used to locate the viewer's head based on the depth camera for the viewing position, of which the precision is not easily influenced by the ambient light.

The position of viewer’s head is assumed as the viewing position, based on which a viewing-position-dependent weight distribution function can be established. After non-negative, symmetry and high central energy are taken into consideration, the function expression is written as the Gaussian weight function. The function’s center lies at the viewing position. It should be noted that, since the head tracking is used, the weight function should cover enough views and the size should be set as large as viewer’s face.

Typically, as shown in Fig. 2, there are three expressions of weight distribution. Figure 2(a) is the Even weight function for the basic method. All weights are set to 1, so that views are evenly involved in Eq. (1). Figure 2(b) is the Binary weight function for the basic tracking method. Weights are set to 1 or 0. All views can be selected to be evenly involved or not. Figure 2(c) is the Gaussian weight function for the weighted method. Weights are assigned to views based on the viewing-position-dependent weight function. The central view at the viewing position is assigned a higher weight and it is emphasized in the optimization.

Fig. 2 The schematic diagram of three expressions of weight distribution functions. (a) The Even weight function for basic compressive light filed display. (b) The Binary weight function for the basic compressive light filed display in tracking. (c) The Gaussian weight function for weighted compressive light filed display.

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The Gaussian weight function can be decomposed in two directions,

\begin{array}{l} w (x_{0}, y_{0}; x, y) = w_{x} (x_{0}; x) \times w_{y} (y_{0}; y) + c \\ = w_{x g} (x_{0}, σ_{x}; x) \times w_{y g} (y_{0}, σ_{y}; y) + c \\ = \exp (- \frac{{(x - x_{0})}^{2}}{2 σ_{x}^{2}}) \times \exp (- \frac{{(y - y_{0})}^{2}}{2 σ_{y}^{2}}) + c \end{array}

where

(x_{0}, y_{0})

is the center of viewer’s head.

(x, y)

is the reference coordinate located on the viewing plane. The intensity of the distribution function is 1. c is a constant value.

w_{x}

and

w_{y}

are Gaussian functions in the x and y directions, respectively.

σ_{x}

and v are related to the function’s size, and the displaying quality is affected.

3. Performance analysis of the weighted compressive display

3.1 Performance of the tracking, viewing and optimizing

The capacity of tracking system is enough for our method, since Kinect v2.0 supports $70 ° \times 60 °$ tracking FOV and $0.5 ~ 4 m$ depth range. Head tracking is used to avoid high precision of eye tracking, which is not affected by the illumination. In addition, a large size weight function is constructed to cover the whole face, which is more tolerant for tracking errors.

The time cost of optimization is very short, since the iteration rate and the convergence rate are very fast. Therefore, real-time displaying is possible. The iterating rate of is about $35 fps$ . The convergence rate of optimization is shown in Fig. 3. For the weighted compressive display, PSNR could achieve 30dB after 20 times, 35dB after 25 times, and 38dB after 50 times. In practice, after a viewer stands firmly, a relative good result could be shown in 1s, and an improved performance can be obtained. In addition, within the same iteration times, the result of the weighted method is better than that of the basic method. This is because the proposed method can optimize related views rapidly and a desirable performance can be displayed.

Fig. 3 Comparison of convergence rates of the two methods. The straight line is the weighted compressive display and the dash line is the basic compressive display. The experiment detail is shown in Fig. 9(a).

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Since all views are separated on different positions, the 3D perception is not affected by crosstalk. In the light field computation, all target views are designed to be focused on the viewing plane, as shown in Fig. 4(a). When the watching distance z is located, for some target view ${\tilde{l}}_{s, t} = {\tilde{l}}_{i}$ $(t \times N u m X + s = i)$ , view position is $p_{s, t} (x, y, z)$ . and weight $w_{s, t}$ can be assigned in the light of the viewing-position-dependent weight distribution function, $w_{s, t} = w (x_{0}, y_{0}, p_{s, t} (x, y, z))$ . For displaying, the emitted view $l_{s, t}$ is reproduced on the same position $p_{s, t} (x, y, z)$ , as shown in Fig. 4(b). So, when a viewer stands at $p_{s, t} (x, y, z)$ , he would watch the view $l_{s, t}$ in the viewing area, and other views cannot be watched.

Fig. 4 The schematic diagram of (a) the target light field optimized and (b) the emitted light field reproduced.

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3.2 Performance of the weight distribution function

For the performance of the weight distribution function used in compressive light field display, the Gaussian weight function exhibits two advantages in quality adjustment and switching smoothness.

When the covered views are fixed, for the basic compressive display with the Even function, the displaying quality would be constant. However, for the weighted method with the Gaussian weight function, an improved displaying quality is provided and the quality can be flexibly adjusted by modifying function parameters $σ_{x}$ and $σ_{y}$ . As demonstrated in Fig. 5, PSNR of the Gaussian function is overall higher than 30dB. With the value of $σ_{x}$ and $σ_{y}$ increasing, the obtained quality declines. The reason is that, when the function size is enlarged, more weights are assigned to irrelevant viewpoints and central views gets harder to be emphasized. Differences between viewpoint weights become smaller, and eventually the weighted method becomes the basic method. In Fig. 5, $σ_{y}$ has a greater influence than $σ_{x}$ , because the parallax in vertical is larger than the horizontal.

Fig. 5 PSNR of results of compressive light field display under different parameter values. The experiment data is the same as Fig. 9(a).

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When the number of covered views is very small, the basic tracking method with the Binary weight function would cause obvious vision jumps when switching between adjacent views. For the Gaussian weight function, a smooth switching can be achieved. For example, there are five viewpoints covered, such that $(s, t)$ , $(s + 1, t)$ , $(s + 1, t)$ , $(s, t + 1)$ , and $(s, t - 1)$ . The distribution of Binary function is shown in Fig. 6(a). The proposed method with Gaussian weight function is shown in Fig. 6(b). When moving in X direction, compressive light field would synthesize corresponding views, and EPI result is generated. It can be seen from Fig. 6 that, EPI of the Gaussian function is much smoother on the boundary, but the EPI of the Binary function is serrated. The reason is that, in the process of the Binary function, views are locally synthesized by three target view groups of ${\tilde{l}}_{s - 1, t}$ , ${\tilde{l}}_{s, t}$ and ${\tilde{l}}_{s + 1, t}$ , which causes three jumps and three serrations on EPI. For the proposed Gaussian function, each view is synthesized by the target views around with distance Gaussian weights. None of them would appear or disappear instantly. When the weighted compressive displays the 3D image with the Gaussian function, switching between adjacent views is very smooth, and there are no any obvious jumps.

Fig. 6 Simulations of switching views with (a) Binary weight function and (b) Gaussian weight function. The weight function covers five viewpoints in computation to create narrow view cone, which are $(s, t)$ , $(s + 1, t)$ , $(s - 1, t)$ , $(s, t + 1)$ , and $(s, t - 1)$ . Views are synthesized when moving in X direction. EPI is also generated. The experiment data is the same as Fig. 9(b). (see Visualization 1)

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4. Implementation

4.1 Hardware

Our experimental setup consists of three-layer stacked LCDs and a tracking device, as shown in Fig. 7. Three 24-inch AOC G2460PG monitors are used as the LCD panels, which can operate at 144Hz with the resolution of $1920 \times 1080$ . Each panel is stacked at a space of 3cm. Since the tracking area of Kinect v2.0 only supports $70 °$ horizontal and $60 °$ vertical field, the real-time display maximum FOV is also designed as $70 ° \times 60 °$ .

Fig. 7 The Prototype display of the weighted compressive light field.

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The program of WNTF of Eq. (3) runs on an Intel Core i7 workstation with a NVIDIA GTX1080 card. In the processing, layers are initialized from the random value and optimized iteratively, which is programmed using CUDA and rendered on D3D. In displaying, layers are presented after each iteration. With the time increasing, the displaying results are refined constantly. After hundreds of iterations, optimization stops and LCD remains fresh at 144Hz . This operation may cost 1s. When the tracking device detects the viewer moving to a new position, a new weight distribution can be established and optimization starts over immediately.

4.2 Configuration

The weighted compressive light field display is demonstrated in three situations, including 1) narrow FOV, 2) wide FOV and 3) multi-viewers display. For a certain angle, the more viewpoints involved, the more accurate calculation [9]. The light field “monkey” used here, contains $210 \times 170$ views, as shown in Fig. 8. It can be displayed on $70 ° \times 60 °$ FOV which corresponds to the maximum tracking FOV. The watching distance in experiment is set to 150cm. Thus, the angle between each viewpoint is $0.33 °$ , and the interval between each one is 1cm. In order to exclude the influence of rank, all experiments are set 3 frames which means rank-3 in WNTF. Detailed configurations of weight functions are shown in the Table 1. PSNR of simulated light field results are calculated for estimation. It should be noted that, in practice, the watching distance is not limited to constant value. The viewer can move arbitrarily within the tracking area, because our method has the capability to update contains and display improved views in real-time.

Fig. 8 The scene of “monkey” with 210 × 170 views and 70° × 60° FOV.

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Table 1. Configuration parameters of compressive light field display

View Table

5. Experiment and assessment

5.1 The weighted compressive display with narrow FOV

The result of compressive light field display with narrow FOV is shown in Fig. 9. $β$ is set as 1. PSNR is employed to qualify simulated views under basic and weighted situations. Figure 9(a) gives the scene of “car” with $7 \times 7$ views and $10 ° \times 10 °$ FOV. From the simulation, we can see that after the weights are applied, the image quality is improved from 31.42dB to 38.59dB. The blurred headlight of “car” becomes clear. Figure 9(b) is the scene of “monkey” with $10 \times 10$ views and $20 ° \times 20 °$ FOV, extracted from the wide scene. It can be seen that, PSNR is improved from 25.61dB to 30.40dB. The inner ear contour of “monkey” arises, while the inner ear of the basic result is all white. The reason for the improvement is that, after a high weight is given, the target view would have a higher proportion in the light filed synthesis and a better result can be achieved. When the viewing position moves, the peak of weight distribution would follow the movement and an improved performance can be always received.

Fig. 9 Experiment results of compressive light field display with narrow FOV. (a) The scene of “car” with $10 ° \times 10 °$ FOV. (b) The scene of “monkey” with $20 ° \times 20 °$ FOV. (see Visualization 1).

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5.2 The weighted compressive display with wide FOV

In the situation of narrow FOV, all views are involved in the multilayer decomposition. However, when the FOV and the number of views are very large, the computational time would be tremendous. For the weighted compressive light field display, in order to satisfy the demand of tracking viewers, a reduction of the view number should be applied. We settle a view range $W \times H$ directed to the view’s head, as the following expression,

w (i) (i \in N u m X \times N u m Y) = {\begin{matrix} w_{s, t} p_{s, t} (z) < W \times H \\ 0 p_{s, t} (z) > W \times H \end{matrix}

where

w (i)

and

w_{s, t}

g is the weight of each view,

p_{s, t} (z)

is the position of each view. Therefore, only appreciable views are preserved and others are removed.

The wide scene of “monkey” contains $210 \times 170$ views and $70 ° \times 60 °$ FOV. The view range here is set as $20 c m \times 15 c m$ . Experiment results of wide FOV are shown in Fig. 10. In wide FOV, the quality of the basic compressive light field with the Even function is only 21.73dB and most details are blurred. The reason is that multi-layers are hard to carry too much dissimilarity for large FOV, and it results in severe image quality degradation. In the second row of Fig. 10, the quality of the Binary function is improved to 28.90dB. That is because none irrelevant views are involved in computation, and dissimilarity becomes less. However, the contour of the ear is still a little blurred. As demonstrated in the third row, the quality of the weighted display with the Gaussian function is improved greatly. PSNR is promoted to 30.32dB. After weights are assigned based on viewing position, only relevant views inside the viewing range are concerned in the multilayer decomposition, and the central views are emphasized. Therefore, the weighted compressive display can provide a good result for the wide FOV. Figure 11 is about experiment results captured at different viewing angles. We can see that within the Kinect tracking area, the displaying quality is acceptable.

Fig. 10 Experiment results of compressive light field display with wide FOV. The scene of “monkey” with $70 ° \times 60 °$ FOV.

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Fig. 11 Simulations and photographs shot at different angles of compressive light field display with wide FOV. (see Visualization 1).

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5.3 The weighted compressive display for multi-viewers

In the proposed system, multi-viewers are supported. Different viewers are tracked by a Kinect and their viewing positions can be converted into an unified coordinate system in real-time. Different viewing positions are $(x_{1}, y_{1})$ to $x_{n}, y_{n}$ , and weight function $w (x, y)$ can be written as the following expression,

\begin{array}{l} w (x, y) = w_{1} (x_{1}, y_{1}; x, y) + w_{2} (x_{2}, y_{2}; x, y) + w_{3} (x_{3}, y_{3}; x, y) + \dots \\ + w_{n} (x_{n}, y_{n}; x, y) + c \end{array}

In our experiment of the weighted compressive light field display system for multi-viewers, the viewer number is 4. The angle for the displaying system with wide FOV for four-viewers is set as $70 ° \times 30 °$ and $105 \times 42$ views. The brightness $β$ is set as 0.8 for the basic and weighted optimization. For four viewers, the weight distribution function is established as Eq. (8) and view ranges are set as Eq. (7). Weight distributions and PSNR distributions are shown in Fig. 12. From the second row, we can see that four viewing-positions correspond to four weight peaks and four PSNR peaks, which are higher than the basic method result. Figure 13 shows the relation between the viewer number and the reconstruction quality. It can be seen that with the viewer number increasing, the displaying quality of viewer #1 becomes degraded. The reason is that, for more viewers, more parallax views are introduced into the light field, which causes the optimization more difficult. When all the viewpoints are evenly involved, the displaying quality will be reduced to the same as the result of the basic method. For four viewers, an improved result can be achieved.

Fig. 12 Distributions of weight and PSNR of compressive light field display for four viewers.

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Fig. 13 Comparison of PSNR of viewer #1 in different viewer sequences. Viewer sequence is the order of adding viewer when displaying. For example, #1 #2 #3 #4 means that, when the viewer number is 1, viewer is #1; when the number is 2, viewers are #1 and #2; when the number is 3, viewers are #1, #2 and #3; when the number is 4, viewers are #1, #2, #3 and #4.

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The experimental result indicates that PSNRs of perceived 3D images are noticeably improved, as shown in Fig. 14. Details of results obtained by the weighted method are mostly preserved. Despite some artifacts appear on the object border, the performance of the weighted method is much more acceptable, compared to the blurred results of the basic compressive light field display. The reason is that the weight peaks can effectively emphasize relevant views and make them better. Four viewers can perceive good 3D images.

Fig. 14 Experiment results of compressive light field display for four viewers.

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6. Conclusion

In summary, compressive light field display with the viewing-position-dependent weight distribution is demonstrated. With a tracking device, the viewing position is captured and a weight distribution function can be established. The weight peak is able to effectively emphasize relevant views in the optimization and 3D image quality is greatly improved. Experimental results for situations of narrow FOV, wide FOV and multi-viewers are presented. Simulations and experimental results show that the weighted light field displaying system is suitable for 3D display, and an improved performance can be achieved.

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (61575025); The fund of the State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications.

References and links

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Parameter	Meaning	Value
L	Watch distance	150cm
$σ_{x}$	X - Gaussian function	3.5
$σ_{y}$	Y - Gaussian function	2.5
$c$	Constant value	0.02
$W$	Width of view range	20cm
H	Height of view range	15cm
N	Layer number	3
M	Frame number	3
iter	Iteration times	300
$F O V (n a r r o w)$	Narrow FOV	$10 ° \times 10 °$ for “car” $20 ° \times 20 °$ for “monkey”
$F O V (w i d e)$	Wide FOV	$70 ° \times 60 °$
$F O V (m u l t i v i w e r s)$	Wide FOV for multi-viewers	$70 ° \times 30 °$
$β (n a r r o w)$	Brightness for narrow FOV	1
$β (w i d e)$	Brightness for wide FOV	1
$β (m u l t i v i w e r s)$	Brightness for multiviewers	0.8

Performance improvement of compressive light field display with the viewing-position-dependent weight distribution

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. The weighted compressive light field

2.1 Theory

2.2 Viewing-position-dependent weight distribution function

3. Performance analysis of the weighted compressive display

3.1 Performance of the tracking, viewing and optimizing

3.2 Performance of the weight distribution function

4. Implementation

4.1 Hardware

4.2 Configuration

5. Experiment and assessment

5.1 The weighted compressive display with narrow FOV

5.2 The weighted compressive display with wide FOV

5.3 The weighted compressive display for multi-viewers

6. Conclusion

Funding

References and links

Supplementary Material (1)

Cited By

Figures (14)

Tables (1)

Equations (8)

Optics Express