Abstract
Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) have funda mental advantages in beam geometry and array configurati on over conventional edge-emitting laser diodes. Although VCSELs have lased with submilliamp currents, high series resistance has in the past prevented attainment of the high efficiencies that are needed for applications requiring high power or extended wavelength operation. Our demonstration of low-voltage-thresh old VCSELs,1 followed by similar low voltage demonstrations,2 shows that the resistance issue is being solved and points to inevitable improvement in wallplug efficiencies, powers, and reliability. These improvements will enable VCSELs to take a competitive position in commercial markets. Increased efficiency will make visible and 1.55-µm-emitting VCSELs more practical and will aid in VCSEL integration with electronic circuitry. These developments will further expand the VCSEL marketplace.
© 1993 Optical Society of America
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