Abstract
The number of renewable energy systems has increased with the implementation of the feed-in tariff in Germany. Nowadays, more than 1.5 million photovoltaic systems are connected to the grid and over 85 % are installed at the low voltage level. The distribution system operators (DSO) have now to adapt their grid operation for high load as well as high feed-in times. An annual energy feed-in or demand value is not sufficient for planning and operating low voltage grids with volatile feed-in power characteristics exceeding the maximum power consumption by 5 to 10 times. Based on the historical development, there are normally no measurement devices in the low voltage grid, except the once yearly evaluated meters in the households and power drag-indicators in transformer stations. These power drag-indicators usually are also checked only once per year and do not solve the need for monitoring the grid state.
© 2016 Optical Society of America
PDF ArticleMore Like This
Jens Redemann, S. LeBlanc, C. Flynn, M. Segal-Rosenheimer, Y. Shinozuka, R. Johnson, S. Dunagan, B. Schmid, M. Kacenelenbogen, K. Pistone, S. Schmidt, S. Cochrane, P. Pilewskie, W. Gore, R. Wood, and P. Zuidema
HTu2F.4 Hyperspectral Imaging and Sounding of the Environment (HISE) 2016
José Zapata, Jacob Buddee, Yuxin Liu, and Geoff Barton
SoW2C.5 Optics for Solar Energy (SOLED) 2016
R. Michiel Hardesty
JW1A.2 Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTS) 2016