Abstract
Highly charged ions (HCIs) are promising candidates for measuring the variation of the natural constant α or realizing new frequency standards[1], thanks to their insensitivity to external electric fields and ultra-narrow fine-structure transitions. In HCIs, electronic transitions of the outer electron are shifted into the extreme ultraviolet (XUV), and even X-ray region. Lasers that can drive these transitions are not commercially available.
© 2023 IEEE
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