Abstract
The use of Raman optical amplifiers (ROAs) in optical communication systems has become increasingly important. In distributed operation, Raman amplifiers can improve the optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) by about 5 dB due to their low equivalent noise figure. The low noise nature of ROAs can be used to increase system reach or to reduce inter- and intra-channel nonlinear impairments. Further advantages of using ROAs include the ability to operate in various amplification bands and simplicity of construction. As high power pumps become available, Raman amplification becomes practical and favorable for long-haul and high bit-rate systems. A great amount of research effort has been directed to the study of ROAs.1–3
© 2002 Optical Society of America
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