Abstract
Understanding of interfacial properties of water is crucial for advances in many disciplines and for the solution of many technological problems. Although the problem has been extensively studied,1 progress has been rather slow because of the lack of appropriate experimental techniques. Important and interesting questions still remain unresolved. For example: What are the orientations and arrangement of water molecules at the vapor-water interface or at a hydrophobic (or hydrophilic) substrate-water interface? Can an interface promote ice nucleation? We show in this paper that it is possible to use sum-frequency generation (SFG) to obtain vibrational spectra of water molecules at interfaces, and the results provide some answers to the above-stated questions.
© 1993 Optical Society of America
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