Mika Flinkman and Shigeki Nakauchi, "Illuminations that improve color discrimination ability of people with red-green color vision deficiency," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 34, 1914-1923 (2017)
In this research, three illuminants that improve color discrimination ability of people with red-green color vision deficiency were developed. The illuminants are close to daylight-colored and were produced by using spectral optimization. Deutans were the focus of this research, but a few protans were also tested for reference. The illuminants were produced by combining different types of LEDs, and their effects were tested with several test subjects with and without color vision deficiency using the Ishihara color vision test and the Farnsworth Panel D-15 test. The illuminant with the most powerful effect provided near perfect results with the Ishihara test for deutans, while the other two illuminants produced smaller improvements. The Farnsworth Panel D-15 test produced results that were similar to the Ishihara test though generally the color discrimination of blue hues was weaker under the most powerful illuminant.
Miguel A. Martínez-Domingo, Luis Gómez-Robledo, Eva M. Valero, Rafael Huertas, Javier Hernández-Andrés, Silvia Ezpeleta, and Enrique Hita Opt. Express 27(13) 17954-17967 (2019)
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For the second illuminant, two panels were used in the experiment and so the final amounts are double.
Table 2.
Ishihara Test Results for Individual Test Subjects
Subject
Reference
Natural
Stretched
Maximized
D1
15
14
7
3
D2
20
20
15
3
D3
5
3
2
1
D4
20
21
21
2
D5
21
19
18
4
D6
2
2
2
2
D7
20
19
18
1
D8
6
4
6
2
D9
0
1
0
0
D10
20
20
11
0
D11
21
20
19
1
D12
20
19
17
1
D13
19
18
10
2
D14
18
12
6
1
P1
9
7
6
8
P2
22
20
19
22
Table 3.
Two-Sample T-Test -Values for Ishihara Test between the Reference Illuminant and the Optimized Illuminants
Illuminant
Deutan
S. Deutan
M. Deutan
Natural
0.7192
0.5237
0.7157
Stretched
0.1772
0.0966
0.2711
Maximized
0.0025
Table 4.
Error Average with SD in the Ishihara Test for Different Illuminations
Deutan
S. Deutan
Protan
Normal
Illuminant
14 Persons
5 Persons
2 Persons
16 Persons
Reference
Natural
Stretched
Maximized
Table 5.
Farnsworth Panel D-15 Test Results with Numerical Evaluation for Individual Test Subjects
Subject
Reference
Natural
Stretched
Maximized
D1
0
0
0
1
D2
67
23
13
37
D3
5
5
10
6
D4
66
74
49
23
D5
0
0
0
1
D6
1
2
2
7
D7
1
0
0
2
D8
0
0
1
0
D9
3
3
10
17
D10
0
2
8
0
D11
74
83
71
24
D12
65
56
63
4
D13
38
26
8
18
D14
0
0
0
0
P1
0
1
0
4
P2
99
48
14
49
Table 6.
Amount of Major Crossings in the Farnsworth Panel D-15 Test for Each Test Subject with Any Major Crossings under Different Illuminants and Average Number of Crossings for All of Thema
Subject
Reference
Natural
Stretched
Maximized
D2
7(D), 8(D)
5(D), 1(D)
1(D), 0(N)
3(D), 5(D)
D4
8(D), 8(D)
8(D), 7(D)
6(D), 4(D)
1(T), 3(D)
D11
8(D), 10(D)
10(D), 8(D)
8(D), 9(D)
3(D), 3(D)
D12
10(D), 4(D)
4(D), 6(D)
7(D), 8(D)
0(N), 2(D)
D13
3(D), 4(D)
3(D), 1(T)
1(T), 0(N)
2(T), 2(T)
Average
P2
13(P), 11(P)
6(P), 2(P)
2(P), 0(N)
1(D), 3(D)
The resulting color vision defect diagnoses are also included: D for deutan, P for protan, T for tritan, and N for normal.
Table 7.
Two-Sample T-Test -Values for Farnsworth Panel D-15 Test between the Reference Illuminant and the Optimized Illuminants
Natural
Stretched
Maximized
Deutan
0.6474
0.4800
0.1357
S. Deutan
0.3239
0.2154
0.0026
Table 8.
Two-Sample T-Test -Values for Farnsworth Panel D-15 Test between the Reference Illuminant and the Optimized Illuminants
Illuminant
Natural
Stretched
Maximized
Deutan
0.7775
0.5739
0.1618
S. Deutan
0.5030
0.1765
0.0011
Table 9.
Error Average with SD in Farnsworth Panel D-15 Test for Different Illuminations
For the second illuminant, two panels were used in the experiment and so the final amounts are double.
Table 2.
Ishihara Test Results for Individual Test Subjects
Subject
Reference
Natural
Stretched
Maximized
D1
15
14
7
3
D2
20
20
15
3
D3
5
3
2
1
D4
20
21
21
2
D5
21
19
18
4
D6
2
2
2
2
D7
20
19
18
1
D8
6
4
6
2
D9
0
1
0
0
D10
20
20
11
0
D11
21
20
19
1
D12
20
19
17
1
D13
19
18
10
2
D14
18
12
6
1
P1
9
7
6
8
P2
22
20
19
22
Table 3.
Two-Sample T-Test -Values for Ishihara Test between the Reference Illuminant and the Optimized Illuminants
Illuminant
Deutan
S. Deutan
M. Deutan
Natural
0.7192
0.5237
0.7157
Stretched
0.1772
0.0966
0.2711
Maximized
0.0025
Table 4.
Error Average with SD in the Ishihara Test for Different Illuminations
Deutan
S. Deutan
Protan
Normal
Illuminant
14 Persons
5 Persons
2 Persons
16 Persons
Reference
Natural
Stretched
Maximized
Table 5.
Farnsworth Panel D-15 Test Results with Numerical Evaluation for Individual Test Subjects
Subject
Reference
Natural
Stretched
Maximized
D1
0
0
0
1
D2
67
23
13
37
D3
5
5
10
6
D4
66
74
49
23
D5
0
0
0
1
D6
1
2
2
7
D7
1
0
0
2
D8
0
0
1
0
D9
3
3
10
17
D10
0
2
8
0
D11
74
83
71
24
D12
65
56
63
4
D13
38
26
8
18
D14
0
0
0
0
P1
0
1
0
4
P2
99
48
14
49
Table 6.
Amount of Major Crossings in the Farnsworth Panel D-15 Test for Each Test Subject with Any Major Crossings under Different Illuminants and Average Number of Crossings for All of Thema
Subject
Reference
Natural
Stretched
Maximized
D2
7(D), 8(D)
5(D), 1(D)
1(D), 0(N)
3(D), 5(D)
D4
8(D), 8(D)
8(D), 7(D)
6(D), 4(D)
1(T), 3(D)
D11
8(D), 10(D)
10(D), 8(D)
8(D), 9(D)
3(D), 3(D)
D12
10(D), 4(D)
4(D), 6(D)
7(D), 8(D)
0(N), 2(D)
D13
3(D), 4(D)
3(D), 1(T)
1(T), 0(N)
2(T), 2(T)
Average
P2
13(P), 11(P)
6(P), 2(P)
2(P), 0(N)
1(D), 3(D)
The resulting color vision defect diagnoses are also included: D for deutan, P for protan, T for tritan, and N for normal.
Table 7.
Two-Sample T-Test -Values for Farnsworth Panel D-15 Test between the Reference Illuminant and the Optimized Illuminants
Natural
Stretched
Maximized
Deutan
0.6474
0.4800
0.1357
S. Deutan
0.3239
0.2154
0.0026
Table 8.
Two-Sample T-Test -Values for Farnsworth Panel D-15 Test between the Reference Illuminant and the Optimized Illuminants
Illuminant
Natural
Stretched
Maximized
Deutan
0.7775
0.5739
0.1618
S. Deutan
0.5030
0.1765
0.0011
Table 9.
Error Average with SD in Farnsworth Panel D-15 Test for Different Illuminations