Experimental investigations on an FSO-fiber converged communication system under fog and turbulence

Champalal Lalani; Aashish Mathur; Nitin Bhatia

doi:10.1364/AO.519567

Applied Optics
Vol. 63,
Issue 13,
pp. 3674-3684
(2024)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.519567

Experimental investigations on an FSO-fiber converged communication system under fog and turbulence

Champalal Lalani, Aashish Mathur, and Nitin Bhatia

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Champalal Lalani, Aashish Mathur, and Nitin Bhatia, "Experimental investigations on an FSO-fiber converged communication system under fog and turbulence," Appl. Opt. 63, 3674-3684 (2024)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Fiber Optics, Fiber Sensors, and Optical Communications
Optics & Photonics Topics
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The topics in this list come from the Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: January 22, 2024
- Revised Manuscript: March 27, 2024
- Manuscript Accepted: April 11, 2024
- Published: April 29, 2024

Abstract

This paper presents experimental results for a free-space optical-fiber converged (FSO-FC) communication system under varying turbulence and foggy conditions. Based on the experimental measurements, we statistically characterize the FSO channel under different levels of turbulence and fog in terms of their respective probability density functions (PDFs). Our experimental PDFs fit well with the theoretical PDFs proposed in the literature. We experimentally evaluate the average bit error rate (ABER) of the considered FSO-FC communication system under different levels of turbulence and fog. Further, to compensate for the effects of turbulence and fog, we use multimode fiber as the receiver and compare the results with single-mode fiber as the receiver. Finally, we show the improvement in ABER under varying turbulence and fog by adding cyclic redundancy check bits to data bits.

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Data availability

Experimental data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Reference	Modulation Schemes	Channel Parameter	Channel Model	Performance Metrics	Performance Improvement Technique	Data Rates
[3]	OOK	Turbulence generated in laboratory	Gamma–gamma	BER	Relay system	10 Gb/s
[7]	Wideband-code division multiple access	Outdoor atmospheric conditions	—	Modulation error rate, throughput	—	2.5 Gb/s
[9]	Pulse-amplitude modulation4 (PAM4)	Outdoor atmospheric conditions	—	BER, eye diagram	Vestigial side band-PAM4	56 Gb/s
[12]	Quadrature phase shift keying	Turbulence generated in laboratory	—	BER, frame error rate	FMF, higher-order modes	2 Gb/s
[21]	OOK	Fog generated in laboratory	—	Jitter, packet error rate, eye diagram, data rate	MIMO	1 Gb/s
[27]	Differential coded OOK (DC-OOK), OOK	Turbulence generated in laboratory	Log normal	BER, eye diagram	DC-OOK	10 Gb/s
[28]	OOK	Outdoor atmospheric conditions	—	BER, power coupled due to misalignment in transmitter position	Dynamic optical beam stabilizer	6 Gb/s
Proposed work	OOK	Turbulence and fog generated in laboratory	Turbulence channel gain-log normal, fog attenuation-gamma, fog channel gain-Eq. (10) in [16]	ABER, power coupled due to misalignment in receiver position, coupling efficiency	CRC, MMF	10 Gb/s

Transmitter	Laser type	DFB
	Signaling scheme	NRZ-OOK
	Data rate	10 Gbps
	Wavelength	1550
DCX	Diameter	2.5 cm
	Focal length	3.5 cm
EDFA	Gain	21 dB
	Noise figure	6 dB
Receiver	Detector type	PIN
	Receiver sensitivity	−30 to 3 dBm
	Responsivity	0.6
SMF	SMF core/clad diameter	$10 / 125 µ m$
	Attenuation at 1550 nm	0.2 dB/km
	Length	20 m
MMF	MMF core/clad diameter	50/125 µm
	Attenuation at 1550 nm	1 dB/km
	Length	20 m
Chamber	Dimension	$340 c m \times 30 c m \times 30 c m$

$σ_{R}^{2}$	$6.71 \times 10^{- 5}$	$1.26 \times 10^{- 4}$	$2.78 \times 10^{- 4}$
Channel gain ( $h$ )	0.835	0.826	0.804
Attenuation (dB)	0.7831	0.8302	0.9474

Description	Visibility Range (m)	Attenuation (dB/km)
Light fog	500–1000	9.3–20
Moderate fog	250–500	20–40
Thick fog	70–250	40–143
Dense fog	40–70	143–250

$C_{n}^{2} (m^{- 2 / 3})$	$9.29 \times 10^{- 13}$	$6.73 \times 10^{- 12}$	$1.54 \times 10^{- 11}$
$r_{0}$ (m)	0.0635	0.0194	0.0118
$D / r_{0}$	0.3937	1.2887	2.1186

	$9.29 \times 10^{- 13} m^{- 2 / 3}$		$6.73 \times 10^{- 12} m^{- 2 / 3}$		$1.54 \times 10^{- 11} m^{- 2 / 3}$
$C_{n}^{2} \to$	SMF	MMF	SMF	MMF	SMF	MMF
$P_{t}$ at $A B E R = 1 \times 10^{- 4}$	−6.1 dBm	−13.1 dBm	−2.1 dBm	−10.6 dBm	3.2 dBm	−6.7 dBm
$P_{t}$ at $A B E R = 1 \times 10^{- 5}$	−3.7 dBm	−11.1 dBm	0.8 dBm	−8.1 dBm	5.6 dBm	−4.1 dBm
$P_{t}$ at $A B E R = 1 \times 10^{- 6}$	−1.1 dBm	−9.1 dBm	2.9 dBm	−5.2 dBm	8.1 dBm	−1.8 dBm
Average improvement in $P_{t}$ requirement by MMF	7.46 dBm		8.5 dBm		9.83 dBm

	Dense Fog		Thick Fog		Moderate Fog
Fog Density $\to$	SMF	MMF	SMF	MMF	SMF	MMF
$P_{t}$ at $A B E R = 1 \times 10^{- 4}$	− 4.2 dBm	− 8.2 dBm	− 6.2 dBm	− 10.1 dBm	− 9.2 dBm	− 12.5 dBm
$P_{t}$ at $A B E R = 1 \times 10^{- 5}$	− 1.2 dBm	− 6.1 dBm	− 4.1 dBm	− 8.2 dBm	− 7.2 dBm	− 11.1 dBm
$P_{t}$ at $A B E R = 1 \times 10^{- 6}$	0.9 dBm	− 3.6 dBm	− 1.2 dBm	− 6.2 dB	− 4.5 dBm	− 9.1 dBm
Average improvement in $P_{t}$ requirement by MMF	4.46 dBm		4.33 dBm		3.93 dBm

	Unframed, SMF	Framed, SMF	Unframed, MMF	Framed, MMF
$P_{t}$ at $A B E R = 1 \times 10^{- 4}$	− 2.1 dBm	− 7.2 dBm	− 10.6 dBm	− 16.2 dBm
$P_{t}$ at $A B E R = 1 \times 10^{- 5}$	0.8 dBm	− 5.1 dBm	− 8.1 dBm	− 13.3 dBm
$P_{t}$ at $A B E R = 1 \times 10^{- 6}$	2.9 dBm	− 2.8 dBm	− 5.2 dBm	− 11.2 dBm
Average improvement in $P_{t}$ over unframed, SMF		5.56 dBm	8.5 dBm	14.1 dBm

	Unframed, SMF	Framed, SMF	Unframed, MMF	Framed, MMF
$P_{t}$ at $A B E R = 1 \times 10^{- 4}$	− 6.2 dBm	− 14.3 dBm	− 10.1 dBm	− 16.6 dBm
$P_{t}$ at $A B E R = 1 \times 10^{- 5}$	− 4.1 dBm	− 12.1 dBm	− 8.2 dBm	− 15.1 dBm
$P_{t}$ at $A B E R = 1 \times 10^{- 6}$	− 1.2 dBm	− 10.2 dBm	− 6.2 dBm	− 13.3 dBm
Average improvement in $P_{t}$ over unframed, SMF		8.36 dBm	4.33 dBm	11.6 dBm

Abstract

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Applied Optics