Abstract

Surface layer optical turbulence values in the form of the refractive index structure function $C_n^2$ are often calculated from surface layer temperature, moisture, and wind characteristics and compared to measurements from sonic anemometers, differential temperature sensors, and imaging systems. A key derived component needed in the surface layer turbulence calculations is the sensible heat value. Typically, the sensible heat is calculated using the bulk aerodynamic method that assumes a certain surface roughness and a friction velocity that approximates the turbulence drag on temperature and moisture mixing from the change in the average surface layer vertical wind velocity. These assumptions/approximations generally only apply in free convection conditions. To obtain the sensible heat, a more robust method, which applies when free convection conditions are not occurring, is via an energy balance method such as the Bowen ratio method. The use of the Bowen ratio––the ratio of sensible heat flux to latent heat flux––allows a more direct assessment of the optical turbulence-driving surface layer sensible heat flux than do more traditional assessments of surface layer sensible heat flux. This study compares surface layer $C_n^2$ values using sensible heat values from the bulk aerodynamic and energy balance methods to quantifications from sonic anemometers posted at different heights on a sensor tower. The research shows that the sensible heat obtained via the Bowen ratio method provides a simpler, more reliable, and more accurate way to calculate surface layer $C_n^2$ values than what is required to make such calculations from bulk aerodynamic method-obtained sensible heat.

© 2024 Optica Publishing Group

Investigating turbulence distribution in the lower atmosphere using time-lapse imagery from a camera bank

Benjamin C. Wilson, Santasri R. Bose-Pillai, Jack E. McCrae, Steven T. Fiorino, Robert P. Freeman, and Laura R. Slabaugh
Appl. Opt. 63(16) E64-E77 (2024)

Estimation of the refractive index structure parameter from single-level daytime routine weather data

A. van de Boer, A. F. Moene, A. Graf, C. Simmer, and A. A. M. Holtslag
Appl. Opt. 53(26) 5944-5960 (2014)

Modeling the atmospheric refractive index structure parameter using macrometeorological observations

Ravikiran Hegde, N. Anand, S. K. Satheesh, and K. Krishna Moorthy
Appl. Opt. 63(16) E10-E17 (2024)

Estimation of behavior of optical turbulence during summer in the surface layer above the Antarctic Plateau using the Polar WRF model

Qike Yang, Xiaoqing Wu, Yajuan Han, and Chun Qing
Appl. Opt. 60(14) 4084-4094 (2021)

Estimating Cn² over snow and sea ice from meteorological data

Edgar L Andreas
J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 5(4) 481-495 (1988)