Table I
The contrast rendition of coated telescopic systems of different design.
Description of system | Contrast rendition |
---|
4×16×12° | 46% |
4×28×10° | 85 |
6×30×8.5° | 96 |
6×33×8° | 75 |
6×42×12° | 82 |
6×50×7° | 90 |
7×50×7° | 92 |
7×50×10° | 87 |
8×60×8° | 92 |
9×63×6° | 94 |
10×50×7° | 91 |
10×70×7° | 82 |
10×70×7° | 75 |
12×34×4.4° | 57 |
12×35×4.2° | 69 |
12×60×3.8° | 86 |
21×76×2.8° | 94 |
10×80×7° | 86 |
20×120×3° | 94 |
25×100×3.6° | 92 |
Table II
Contrast rendition of coated and non-coated 7×50×7° binoculars.
Binocular design A | Binocular design B |
---|
Coated with S | Coated with M | Non-coated |
---|
Left barrel | Right barrel | Left barrel | Right barrel | Left barrel | Right barrel |
---|
91 | 91 | 92 | 93 | 89 | 90 |
91 | 90 | 92 | 91 | 89 | 88 |
91 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 88 | 89 |
91 | 91 | 92 | 92 | 89 | 88 |
89 | 91 | 93 | 93 | 87 | 89 |
92 | 91 | 93 | 92 | 89 | 89 |
92 | 90 | 92 | 91 | 88 | 88 |
92 | 92 | 93 | 92 | 89 | 89 |
93 | 92 | 93 | 92 | 89 | 90 |
90 | 90 | 92 | 93 | 90 | 89 |
|
Average: | 91 | 92 | 89 |
Table III
The contrast rendition of 7×50×7° telescopic systems for targets of different inherent contrast.
Target contrast | Contrast rendition |
---|
Coated with M | Coated with S | Non-coated |
---|
100.0 | 90.1 | 90.0 | 87.9 |
93.6 | 90.1 | 90.1 | 87.7 |
78.4 | 90.1 | 90.0 | 87.9 |
63.2 | 90.1 | 90.0 | 87.9 |
50.7 | 90.1 | 90.0 | 87.8 |
29.6 | 90.1 | 90.2 | 88.0 |
14.3 | 90.1 | 89.6 | 87.7 |
Table IV
The contrast rendition of a 7×50×7° telescopic system for targets of different subtense.
Target subtense | Contrast rendition |
---|
Coated | Non-coated |
---|
0.10° | 89 | 90 |
0.15° | 90 | 90 |
0.20° | 90 | 89 |
0.40° | 91 | 91 |
Table V
The contrast rendition of coated telescopic systems for various angular subtenses of a uniformly illuminated surround.
Specimen | Contrast rendition Subtense of surround |
---|
| 10° | 180° |
---|
7×35×7.3° | 100 | 98 | 93 |
6×42×12° | 100 | 96 | 81 |
7×50×7.1° | 100 | 98 | 93 |
7×50×10° | 100 | 97 | 85 |
10×50×7° | 100 | 96 | 89 |
9×63×6° | 100 | 98 | 94 |
10×70×7° | 100 | 94 | 82 |
Table VI
The contrast rendition of coated telescopic systems at different brightness levels of a uniform surround.
Brightness level in footlamberts | Contrast rendition of system |
---|
6×42×12° | 7×50×7° | 7×50×10° | 10×50×7° |
---|
100.0 | 84 | 90 | 84 | 88 |
50.0 | 83 | 90 | 84 | 88 |
25.0 | 84 | 90 | 83 | 88 |
12.5 | 84 | 90 | 84 | 88 |
6.3 | 84 | 89 | 83 | 87 |
3.2 | 84 | 90 | 84 | 88 |
1.5 | 84 | 89 | 83 | 88 |
Table VII
The contrast rendition of 7×50×7° telescopic systems at different ratios of the brightness of the wide to small angle surround.
Brightness ratio (Bw/Bs) | Contrast rendition |
---|
Coated with M | Coated with S | Non-coated |
---|
Without thumb print | With thumb print | Without thumb print | With thumb print | Without thumb print | With thumb print |
---|
0 | 98 | 95 | 99 | 93 | 96 | 93 |
1 | 92 | 90 | 90 | 85 | 89 | 83 |
2 | 88 | 84 | 84 | 79 | 83 | 75 |
4 | 80 | 75 | 74 | 68 | 73 | 63 |
8 | 67 | 62 | 60 | 54 | 60 | 48 |
16 | 50 | 45 | 42 | 38 | 43 | 32 |
32 | 34 | 30 | 27 | 25 | 27 | 20 |
64 | 20 | 17 | 15 | 13 | 16 | 11 |
Table VIII
The contrast rendition for a non-coated 7×50×7° telescopic system at different field angles with respect to the optical axis.
Semi-field angle | Contrast rendition |
---|
−1.70° | 90% |
−1.14° | 90 |
−0.63° | 91 |
0.00° | 90 |
+0.63° | 91 |
+1.14° | 92 |
+1.70° | 92 |
Table IX
The contrast rendition of 7×50×7° coated telescopic systems for different stops in the exit pupil plane.
Specimen | Contrast rendition |
---|
Diameter of stop (mm) |
---|
None | 7.15 | 2.54 |
---|
1 | 93 | 98 | 96 |
2 | 92 | 98 | 97 |
3 | 91 | 98 | 97 |
4 | 92 | 98 | 97 |
5 | 92 | 98 | 96 |
6 | 91 | 98 | 96 |
7 | 92 | 97 | 97 |
8 | 92 | 97 | 96 |
9 | 93 | 98 | 97 |
10 | 93 | 98 | 97 |
Average | 92 | 98 | 97 |
Table X
Contrast rendition vs. ratio of brightness of wide to small angle surround for a non-coated 7×50×7.1° telescopic system with and without scratches on the front surface of the objective.
Brightness ratio (Bw/Bs) | Contrast rendition |
---|
Without scratches | With scratches |
---|
0 | 96 | 96 |
1 | 89 | 82 |
2 | 83 | 71 |
4 | 73 | 56 |
8 | 60 | 40 |
16 | 43 | 24 |
32 | 27 | 15 |
64 | 16 | 8 |
Table XI
The contrast renditions of photographic objectives of different designs at full aperture.
Objective | Focal length (mm) | No. of air-glass surfaces | Contrast rendition |
---|
Non-coated | Coated |
---|
Tessar f:4.5 | 210 | 6 | 90 | 97 |
Protar f:18 | 183 | 4 | 96 | 98 |
Process f:10 | 330 | 8 | 92 | 98 |
Baltar f:2.3 | 100 | 8 | 94 | 99 |
Altimar f:5 | 212 | 8 | 93 | 97 |
Wide angle f:6.8 | 88 | 8 | 91 | 95 |
Metrogon f:6.3 | 152 | 10 | 77 | 96 |
Metrogon f: 6.3 | 152 | 8 | 88 | 96 |
Table XII
The contrast rendition of process objectives at f: 64 for targets of different inherent contrast.
Target contrast | Contrast rendition |
---|
Non-coated | Coated |
---|
100.0 | 83.5 | 97.2 |
91.0 | 83.7 | 96.9 |
82.4 | 83.4 | 97.0 |
75.0 | 83.8 | 96.4 |
60.2 | 83.5 | 97.2 |
45.1 | 83.0 | 96.0 |
32.1 | 83.3 | 96.0 |
23.0 | 83.0 | 96.8 |
15.2 | 83.2 | 96.9 |
Table XIII
The contrast rendition of photographic objectives at different ratios of the brightness of the wide to small angle surround.
Brightness ratio (Bw/Bs) | Contrast rendition |
---|
Tessar f:4.5 | Protar f:18 | Process f:10 |
---|
E.F.L.=210 mm | E.F.L.=183 mm | E.F.L.=330 mm |
---|
Non-coated | Coated | Non-coated | Coated | Non-coated | Coated |
---|
0 | 98 | 99 | 99 | 100 | 99 | 100 |
1 | 90 | 97 | 96 | 98 | 92 | 98 |
2 | 81 | 94 | 92 | 97 | 85 | 96 |
4 | 69 | 91 | 82 | 95 | 75 | 93 |
8 | 54 | 85 | 76 | 90 | 59 | 85 |
16 | 36 | 75 | 61 | 81 | 42 | 74 |
32 | 22 | 61 | 44 | 70 | 28 | 60 |
64 | 13 | 42 | 28 | 52 | 15 | 43 |
Table XIV
The contrast rendition of 210-mm Tessar at f:4.5 for different field angles.
Semi-field angle | Contrast rendition |
---|
Non-coated | Coated |
---|
0 | 90 | 97 |
10 | 90 | 97 |
20 | 89 | 97 |
30 | 85 | 95 |
Table XV
The contrast rendition of photographic objectives at different f:numbers.
f:No. | Contrast rendition |
---|
Baltar | Tessar | Metrogon |
---|
E.F.L. = 100 mm | E.F.L. = 210 mm | E.F.L. = 152 mm |
---|
Non-coated | Coated | Non-coated | Coated | Non-coated | Coated |
---|
2.3 | 94 | 99 | | | | |
4.5 | 92 | 98 | 90 | 97 | | |
6.3 | 89 | 97 | 90 | 97 | 88 | 96 |
8.0 | 88 | 96 | 89 | 97 | 88 | 96 |
11.0 | 85 | 96 | 88 | 97 | 88 | 95 |
16.0 | 84 | 94 | 87 | 97 | 87 | 95 |
32.0 | | | 87 | 97 | 86 | 95 |
Table XVI
The contrast rendition of a 300 mm f:4.5 non-coated Tessar with and without a light thumb print on the center of its front surface.
f:No. | Contrast rendition |
---|
Without print | With print |
---|
4.5 | 93 | 91 |
5.6 | 94 | 92 |
8.0 | 94 | 89 |
11.0 | 94 | 85 |
16.0 | 93 | 80 |
22.0 | 93 | 77 |
32.0 | 93 | 75 |
Table XVII
The contrast rendition of a non-coated 100 mm f:2.3 Baltar for lens shades of different angular subtense.
Total angular subtense of shade | Contrast rendition |
---|
f:2.3 | f:5.6 | f:11 |
---|
No shade | 94 | 89 | 87 |
40° | 97 | 94 | 93 |
30° | 97 | 95 | 94 |
20° | 98 | 96 | 94 |
10° | 98 | 97 | 96 |
Table XVIII
The contrast rendition of coated telescopic objectives of different designs.
Designation | No. of air glass surfaces | Contrast rendition |
---|
5×35×13° | 6 | 85% |
7×50×7.1° | 2 | 98 |
6×30×8.5° | 2 | 98 |
10×45×4.3° | 2 | 98 |
20×64×2° | 2 | 99 |
10×38×4° | 2 | 99 |
Table XIX
The contrast rendition of 7×50×7.1° telescopic objectives of the same design.
Contrast rendition |
---|
Coated | Non-coated | Uncoated |
---|
99 | 99 | 99 |
99 | 99 | 98 |
99 | 99 | 99 |
99 | 99 | 99 |
Table XX
The contrast rendition of coated and non-coated 5×35×13° telescopic objectives having six air-glass surfaces.
Target contrast | Contrast rendition |
---|
Coated | Non-coated |
---|
100.0 | 84.4 | 70.5 |
90.7 | 84.3 | 71.0 |
82.3 | 84.3 | 70.4 |
74.8 | 84.0 | 70.7 |
59.5 | 83.8 | 71.0 |
44.9 | 84.4 | 70.7 |
33.0 | 84.3 | 70.8 |
22.8 | 84.3 | 70.4 |
14.8 | 84.4 | 70.4 |
Table XXI
The contrast rendition of 7×50×7.1° binocular objectives of various field angles.
Semi-field angles | Contrast rendition |
---|
Coated with M | Non-coated | Uncoated |
---|
0° | 98 | 98 | 98 |
2° | 98 | 98 | 98 |
4° | 98 | 98 | 98 |
6° | 98 | 98 | 98 |
8° | 98 | 98 | 98 |
10° | 98 | 98 | 98 |
12° | 98 | 98 | 98 |
Table XXII
The contrast rendition for various ratios of brightness of the wide to small angle surround for 5×35×13° telescopic objectives having six air-glass surfaces.
Brightness ratio (Bw/Bs) | Contrast rendition |
---|
Coated | Non-coated |
---|
Without thumb print | With thumb print | Without thumb print | With thumb print |
---|
0 | 99 | 97 | 99 | 97 |
1 | 85 | 82 | 71 | 67 |
2 | 74 | 71 | 57 | 51 |
4 | 59 | 56 | 39 | 36 |
8 | 42 | 39 | 25 | 21 |
16 | 25 | 24 | 14 | 12 |
32 | 14 | 14 | 7 | 7 |
64 | 8 | 8 | 4 | 3 |
Table XXIII
The contrast rendition of microscopes of different design.
Designation of design | Contrast rendition |
---|
Focal length of objective |
---|
4 mm | 16 mm | 32 mm |
---|
1 | 87 | 97 | 97 |
2 | 61 | 86 | 68 |
3 | 91 | 98 | 94 |
4 | 92 | 97 | 97 |
5 | 88 | 95 | 95 |
Table XXIV
Contrast rendition of monocular microscopes of the same design.
Specimen | Contrast rendition |
---|
Focal length of objective |
---|
4 mm | 16 mm | 32 mm |
---|
1 | 86 | 96 | 96 |
2 | 92 | 97 | 97 |
3 | 92 | 98 | 95 |
4 | 93 | 96 | 98 |
5 | 93 | 98 | 97 |
6 | 93 | 97 | 95 |
Table XXV
The contrast of a monocular microscope for six different 32-mm objectives of the same design.
Specimen | Contrast rendition |
---|
1 | 90% |
2 | 87 |
3 | 90 |
4 | 88 |
5 | 89 |
6 | 89 |
Table XXVI
The contrast rendition of the left barrel of a binocular microscope for targets of different inherent contrasts.
Target contrasts | Contrast rendition |
---|
92% | 96% |
83 | 98 |
78 | 96 |
74 | 97 |
60 | 98 |
46 | 98 |
38 | 97 |
Table XXVII
The contrast rendition of the left barrel of a binocular microscope for reflection and transmission targets.
Focal length of objective | Contrast rendition |
---|
Reflection | Transmission |
---|
Without thumb print | With thumb print | Without thumb print | With thumb print |
---|
16 mm | 92% | 77% | 95% | 81% |
32 mm | 89 | 64 | 90 | 65 |
Table XXVIII
The contrast rendition of the left barrel of a binocular microscope for uniformly illuminated surrounds of different sizes.
Diameter of surround | Contrast rendition (using 32 mm objective) |
---|
12.7 mm | 85% |
9.50 | 88 |
6.35 | 89 |
5.08 | 89 |
4.06 | 90 |
3.81 | 90 |
3.37 | 91 |
2.54 | 92 |
1.85 | 94 |
1.32 | 96 |
0.64 | 97 |
Table XXIX
The contrast rendition of the left barrel of a binocular microscope for different field positions.
Position | Contrast rendition (using 32 mm objective) |
---|
Left edge | 87% |
Half to left | 88 |
Center | 89 |
Half to right | 90 |
Right edge | 91 |
Table XXX
The contrast rendition of the left barrel of a binocular microscope for different condenser stops.
Diameter of condenser stops | Contrast rendition |
---|
Focal length of objective |
---|
4 mm | 16 mm | 32 mm |
---|
30 mm | 88 | 90 | 87 |
25 | 89 | 90 | 87 |
20 | 89 | 91 | 87 |
15 | 89 | 90 | 87 |
10 | 88 | 90 | 87 |
5 | 82 | 91 | 87 |
1 | | 88 | 91 |
Table XXXI
The contrast rendition of the left barrel of a binocular microscope for a light thumb print covering
of the front surface of each objective.
Focal length of objective | Contrast rendition |
---|
Without thumb print | With thumb print |
---|
4 mm | 79% | 74% |
16 | 87 | 85 |
32 | 90 | 50 |
Table XXXII
The contrast rendition of coated eyepieces of different design.
Description | No. of air-glass surfaces | Contrast rendition |
---|
9×5×37° | 4 | 95% |
7.1×7×65° | 6 | 97 |
7.1×7×65° | 6 | 98 |
7.1×7×67° | 6 | 98 |
7.1×7×65° | 6 | 97 |
7.1×7×65° | 6 | 97 |
6.3×15.3×11° | 4 | 93 |
9.7×4.5×43° | 4 | 97 |
10.9×7×72° | 6 | 97 |
13.8×4×40° | 4 | 96 |
7.1×5.8×36° | 4 | 98 |
11×3.6×41° | 4 | 95 |
12.8×3×40° | 4 | 98 |
16.2×2.4×34° | 4 | 98 |
Table XXXIII
The contrast rendition 7.1×7×65° eyepieces of the same design.
Specimen | Contrast rendition |
---|
1 | 97% |
2 | 94 |
3 | 93 |
4 | 96 |
5 | 96 |
6 | 97 |
Table XXXIV
The contrast rendition of non-coated and coated 7×50×7.1° binocular eyepieces.
Contrast rendition |
---|
Non-coated | Coated |
---|
97 | 97 |
94 | 95 |
97 | 98 |
97 | 96 |
Average = 96 | Average = 97 |
Table XXXV
The contrast rendition of a 7.1×7×65° eyepiece for targets of different inherent contrast.
Target contrast | Contrast rendition |
---|
94 | 97% |
85 | 97 |
78 | 97 |
71 | 96 |
65 | 98 |
59 | 97 |
52 | 96 |
37 | 97 |
30 | 97 |
Table XXXVI
The contrast rendition of a 7.1×7×65° eyepiece at different field angles.
Semi-field angles | Contrast rendition |
---|
Non-coated | Coated |
---|
0 | 96 | 98 |
5 | 96 | 98 |
10 | 98 | 98 |
15 | 98 | 98 |
20 | 98 | 98 |
25 | 98 | 98 |
Table XXXVII
The contrast rendition of a 7.1×7×65° eyepiece for stops of different diameters placed in the plane of the exit pupil.
Stop diameter | Contrast rendition |
---|
Non-coated | Coated |
---|
5.5 mm | 95 | 97 |
7.2 | 96 | 98 |
11.0 | 96 | 98 |
12.5 | 96 | 98 |
15.8 | 97 | 98 |
18.3 | 97 | 98 |
25.4 | 96 | 98 |
51.0 | 53 | 51 |
Table XXXVIII
The contrast rendition of a 7.1×7×65° eyepiece with and without clean optics.
Location of thumb print | Contrast rendition |
---|
Non-coated | Coated |
---|
None | 96 | 98 |
Eye lens | 81 | 90 |
Field lens | 92 | 94 |