Ytterbium-doped multicomponent fluorosilicate optical fibers with intrinsically low optical nonlinearities

M. Cavillon; C. Kucera; T. W. Hawkins; N. Yu; P. Dragic; J. Ballato

doi:10.1364/OME.8.000744

Optical Materials Express
Vol. 8,
Issue 4,
pp. 744-760
(2018)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.8.000744

Ytterbium-doped multicomponent fluorosilicate optical fibers with intrinsically low optical nonlinearities

M. Cavillon, C. Kucera, T. W. Hawkins, N. Yu, P. Dragic, and J. Ballato

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M. Cavillon, C. Kucera, T. W. Hawkins, N. Yu, P. Dragic, and J. Ballato, "Ytterbium-doped multicomponent fluorosilicate optical fibers with intrinsically low optical nonlinearities," Opt. Mater. Express 8, 744-760 (2018)

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Abstract

Ytterbium-doped strontium fluorosilicate optical fibers exhibiting intrinsically low optical nonlinearities were fabricated and characterized. Specifically, reductions up to ~1.5 dB, ~9 dB, and ~3 dB in Raman gain, Brillouin gain, and thermo-optic coefficients, respectively, were measured relative to conventional silica optical fibers. Additionally, fluorescence lifetime, and emission and absorption spectra for these fibers are presented and suggest enhanced performance relative to their more commonly employed aluminosilicate and phosphosilicate counterparts. Low quantum defect (<1.5%) operation in these fibers, coupled with their low thermo-optic coefficients, may ultimately yield high power fiber lasers with greater immunity to thermal-based parasitic processes. The results indicate the potential of these fibers and glass materials for high energy fiber-based applications.

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Fig. 1 Effect of fluorine to the diminution of the refractive index for multicomponent fluorosilicate glass optical fibers (in red) and for fluorine-doped silica glass (in blue, data taken from Ref [28]).

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Fig. 2 a) Corrected and normalized spontaneous Raman spectra for Yb-doped fibers (and SiO₂ as a reference). b) Relative Raman gain coefficient (RGC) for the Yb-doped fibers studied herein (in orange) as a function of SiO₂ concentration. Complementary data points for optical fibers developed using the molten core method are reported to serve as comparison [9,10,45].

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Fig. 3 Measured and normalized Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS) of the YbF-SrAlSiF A fiber segment (solid red line), at room temperature and zero-strain. The measured spectrum is fit with a Lorentzian curve (dashed black line). The peak situated at ~11 GHz is the signature of the SMF-28 used in the measurement apparatus.

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Fig. 4 Thermo-optic coefficient (TOC) as a function of fluorine concentration (in atomic percent, At%) for both fluorosilicate fibers (in red) and F-doped silica glasses (in blue, taken from [28]).

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Fig. 5 a) Normalized emission cross section spectra for Yb-doped fibers. b) Normalized absorption cross section spectra for two fibers (Yb-SrAlSiF B and YbF-SrAlSiF A) relative to a commercial aluminosilicate laser fiber.

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Fig. 6 Absolute absorption and emission cross section spectra for YbF-SrAlSiF A fiber. The cross sections were determined using Eq. (1). The emission and absorption cross sections were set to be equivalent at the zero-phonon wavelength.

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Fig. 7 Average emission wavelength (nm) as a function of fluorine concentration (in atomic percent, At%).

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Fig. 8 Laser data for both YbF-SrAlSiF A and commercial Yb-doped aluminosilicate fibers, using pump wavelength of 976 nm, and output wavelength of 1010 nm.

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Tables (5)

Table 1 Draw temperatures and initial precursor compositions of the fabricated fibers.

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Table 2 Elemental compositions (at core center, in atomic percent, At%), core and cladding diameters (ϕ_core and ϕ_clad, in µm), typical fiber parameters: fundamental LP₀ mode index (n₀) and mode area (A_eff, in × 10⁻¹² m²), refractive index difference between core center and cladding (Δn, in × 10⁻³), and attenuation coefficient (α, in dB/m, at 1534 nm).

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Table 3 Brillouin gain coefficient (BGC), Raman gain coefficient (RGC), and Thermo-optic coefficient (TOC) of multicomponent fluorosilicate optical fibers.

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Table 4 Brillouin frequency shift (ν_B, in GHz), Brillouin linewidth (Δν_B, at 11 GHz and given in MHz), and longitudinal acoustic velocity (V_a, in m/s) of the characterized fibers.

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Table 5 Yb and F fiber concentrations (at the core center, in atomic percent, At%), fluorescence lifetimes (τ, in µs), average emission wavelengths (λ_av, in nm), averaged emission cross sections (σ_em,av, in × 10⁻²⁰ cm²) and performance figure of merit M, (M = σ_em,av × τ, in × 10⁻²⁰ cm².ms).

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Equations (2)

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σ(λ)= \frac{1}{8π} \frac{λ^{5}}{{τn}^{2} c} \frac{I(λ)}{I(λ)λdλ}

BGC (\frac{m}{W})= \frac{{2πn}^{7} p_{12}^{2}}{{cλ}_{0}^{2} V_{a} {ρΔν}_{B}} .

Fiber	Yb-SrAlSi	YbF-SrAlSi	Yb-SrAlSiF^a	YbF-SrAlSiF^a	SrAlSiF^b
T_draw (°C)	2100	2000	2000	2000	2000
Initial precursor^c compositions (mole percentage)
SrO	71.25	71.25	-	-	-
SrF₂	-	-	71.25	71.25	75
Yb₂O₃	5	-	5	-	-
YbF₃	-	5	-	5	-
Al₂O₃	23.75	23.75	23.75	23.75	25

Fiber	[F]	[O]	[Sr]	[Al]	[Yb]	[Si]	Φ_core^a	Φ_clad^b	n₀^c	A_eff^c	Δn^d	α
Yb-SrAlSi	0	65.73	1.78	1.76	0.32	30.42	5.8	125	1.4616	12.46	36.3	0.78
YbF-SrAlSi	0.33	64.48	3.76	3.90	0.40	27.14	10.6	125	1.4995	25.24	64.0	2.08
Yb-SrAlSiF A	2.35	63.45	3.35	2.70	0.50	27.65	9.2	125	1.4813	19.82	48.8	2.85
Yb-SrAlSiF B	4.64	61.6	4.08	3.09	0.62	25.97	13.0	125	1.4872	36.03	49.6	2.66
YbF-SrAlSiF A	4.42	61.91	3.81	2.98	0.28	26.60	11.2	125	1.4785	31.18	41.5	0.52
YbF-SrAlSiF B	5.26	61.32	3.92	2.93	0.28	26.29	22.0	185	1.4767	119.5	34.0	0.46
SrAlSiF^e	2.72	63.51	2.98	2.11	0	28.68	8.0	125	1.4673	18.62	35.6	0.65

Fiber	BGC (×10^-11 m/W)	RGC (a. u.)	TOC (×10^-6 K^-1)
Yb-SrAlSi	0.49 ± 5%	0.86 ± 5%	7.96 ± 2%
YbF-SrAlSi	0.29 ± 8%	0.76 ± 5%	-^a
Yb-SrAlSiF A	0.47 ± 5%	0.73 ± 5%	6.30 ± 6%
Yb-SrAlSiF B	0.45 ± 5%	0.81 ± 5%	4.93 ± 3%
YbF-SrAlSiF A	0.39 ± 4%	0.69 ± 5%	5.14 ± 3%
YbF-SrAlSiF B	-^a	0.75 ± 5%	-^a
SrAlSiF	0.56 ± 7%	0.86 ± 5%	6.3 ± 5%
SMF-28 ^TM	2.4	1^b	10.4^b

Fiber	ν_B (GHz)	Δν_B (MHz)	V_a (m/s)
Yb-SrAlSi	10.905	52.9	5722
YbF-SrAlSi	10.945	70.9	5598
Yb-SrAlSiF A	10.755	50.5	5569
Yb-SrAlSiF B	10.617	47.5	5476
YbF-SrAlSiF A	10.677	52.4	5539
YbF-SrAlSiF B	-	-	-
SrAlSiF	10.975	52.0	5621
SiO₂	11.239	17	5970

Fiber	[F]	[Yb]	τ^a (µs)	λ_av^b (nm)	σ_em,av^c ( × 10⁻²⁰ cm²)	M ( × 10⁻²⁰ cm².ms)
Yb-SrAlSi	0	0.32	1060	1004.9	1.089	1.15
YbF-SrAlSi	0.33	0.40	968	1003.6	1.204	1.17
Yb-SrAlSiF A	2.35	0.50	1239	1001.6	0.901	1.12
Yb-SrAlSiF B	4.64	0.62	850	1000.0	0.835	0.71
YbF-SrAlSiF A	4.42	0.28	1270	999.19	0.845	1.07
YbF-SrAlSiF B	5.26	0.28	1270	1000.8	0.767	0.97
Commercial aluminosilicate laser fiber	-	0.16	743	1006.6	1.056	0.78

Abstract

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Tables (5)

Equations (2)

Optical Materials Express