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Nonlinear optical response of heme solutions

Yujie Zhang, Huiwen Hao, Limin Song, Haiping Wang, Denghui Li, Domenico Bongiovanni, Jingyan Zhan, Ziheng Xiu, Daohong Song, Liqin Tang, Roberto Morandotti, and Zhigang Chen

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Abstract

Heme is the prosthetic group for cytochrome that exists in nearly all living organisms and serves as a vital component of human red blood cells (RBCs). Tunable optical nonlinearity in suspensions of RBCs has been demonstrated previously, however, the nonlinear optical response of a pure heme (without membrane structure) solution has not been studied to our knowledge. In this work, we show optical nonlinearity in two common kinds of heme (i.e., hemin and hematin) solutions by a series of experiments and numerical simulations. We find that the mechanism of nonlinearity in heme solutions is distinct from that observed in the RBC suspensions where the nonlinearity can be easily tuned through optical power, concentration, and the solution properties. In particular, we observe an unusual phenomenon wherein the heme solution exhibits negative optical nonlinearity and render self-collimation of a focused beam at specific optical powers, enabling shape-preserving propagation of light to long distances. Our results may have potential applications in optical imaging and medical diagnosis through blood.

© 2024 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement

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Figures (4)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Schematic of the experimental setup and two typical heme structures. (a) Two distinct molecular structures of the heme are used as solutes for two different nonlinear solutions. Left: hematin; Right: hemin. (b) A simple setup is used for nonlinear propagation experiments, where L1 and L2 form a beam expander; L3 is the focusing lens, and L4 is the imaging lens. CCD: charge-coupled device used as a beam analyzer together with the BeamView software.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Closed-aperture Z-scan measurements for the nonlinear refractive index coefficient of different types of heme solutions. Blue and red dotted lines are for hematin-ethanol and hematin-water solutions, and the gray dotted line is for hemin-ethanol solution. The relevant result of hemin-water solution is not presented, because of poor transmittance (hemin is difficult to dissolve in water). The concentration of hematin/ hemin in these three solutions is at the same value of 1.8 × 10−4 g/mL.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. (a) Measured output beam diameter as a function of optical powers, after propagation over 30 mm in hematin-ethanol solutions of different concentrations. (b) The same as (a) but for hematin-water solutions. (c) Intensity pattern of the beam at the input facet of the cuvette. (d1-d4) Output patterns at different optical powers in hematin-ethanol solutions with 3.75 × 10−4 g/mL. (e1-e4) Side-views of beam propagations corresponding to (d1-d4). It is noted that the full width at 1/e2 of the ring pattern at the high-power region is meaningless, so it does not appear in (a) and (b).

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Simulation results. (a) Input beam. (b)-(c) Output patterns at different (lower) powers. (d) and (e) are output patterns at severely high powers, with severe convection. (f) is the optical pattern, which is cut at the position of the orange frame in (i) during propagation. (g)-(i) Side views of beam propagation.

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Equations (5)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

I ( x , y ) = 2 P π ω 2 exp ⁡ ( − 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) ω 2 ) ,
v y = β g [ Δ T ] m a x π h 2 16 μ ,
Δ T ( x , y , t ) = α 0 P π ρ c p { ∫ 0 t ⁡ d t ′ 8 D t ′ + ω 2 exp [ − 2 [ ( y − v y t ′ ) 2 + x 2 ] 8 D t ′ + ω 2 ] } ,
n = n 0 + d n d T Δ T .
i ∂ ∂ z ψ + 1 2 k ∇ ⊥ 2 ψ + k d n d T Δ T n 0 ψ + i α 0 2 ψ = 0 ,
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