Abstract

Vacuum laser acceleration (VLA) is a paradigm that utilizes the strong fields of focused laser light to accelerate electrons in vacuum. Despite its conceptual simplicity and a large existing collection of theoretical studies, realizing VLA in practice has proven remarkably challenging due to the difficulties associated with efficient injection: the electrons to be accelerated must be pre-energized and temporally compressed below an optical half-cycle before timely entering the rapidly oscillating fields of the laser. Therefore, only a handful of experiments have been published up to date, and a knowledge gap remains [1-3].

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