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In vivo high-contrast imaging of deep posterior eye by 1-μm swept source optical coherence tomography and scattering optical coherence angiography

Yoshiaki Yasuno, Youngjoo Hong, Shuichi Makita, Masahiro Yamanari, Masahiro Akiba, Masahiro Miura, and Toyohiko Yatagai

Open Access Open Access

Abstract

Retinal, choroidal and scleral imaging by using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) with a 1-μm band probe light, and high-contrast and three-dimensional (3D) imaging of the choroidal vasculature are presented. This SS-OCT has a measurement speed of 28,000 A-lines/s, a depth resolution of 10.4 μm in tissue, and a sensitivity of 99.3 dB. Owing to the high penetration of the 1-μm probe light and the high sensitivity of the system, the in vivo sclera of a healthy volunteer can be observed. A software-based algorithm of scattering optical coherence angiography (S-OCA) is developed for the high-contrast and 3D imaging of the choroidal vessels. The S-OCA is used to visualize the 3D choroidal vasculature of the in vivo human macula and the optic nerve head. Comparisons of S-OCA with several other angiography techniques including Doppler OCA, Doppler OCT, fluorescein angiography, and indocyanine green angiography are also presented.

©2007 Optical Society of America

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Supplementary Material (8)

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Media 6: AVI (2010 KB)     
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Figures (11)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of 1-μm SS-OCT. LS denotes the light source; LD, laser diode for an aiming beam; C, circulator; M, mirror; PC, polarization controller; BPD, balanced photodetector; AMP, RF amplifier; and BP, RF band-pass filter.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Time dependence of the output power and wavelength of the light source.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. (a) An example of information entropy, i.e., a cost function, of an OCT image, with respect to the change in the coefficients of the second-order phase for dispersion compensation. (b) Depth dependent sensitivity decay of SS-OCT. The horizontal axis is the relative depth from the zero delay point, and the vertical axis is the system sensitivity.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. (a) In vivo human macula measured by SS-OCT and (b) the same image obtained using an MIP based despeckle filter.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. (a) Fundus preview image of the optic nerve head created by squared spectral integration. (b) Standard OCT fundus image created from the same measurement.

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. OCT B-scan of in vivo human macula captured using (a) 1-μm OCT and (b) 830-nm SD-OCT.

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Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. In vivo human optic nerve head measured by using SS-OCT and PS-SD-OCT. (a) and (b) are the horizontal OCT B-mode images captured using 1-μm SS-OCT Click on the figures for a 2.4 MB movie (10.7 MB version is also available). [Media 1] [Media 2] (c) and (d) are the corresponding OCT images captured using 830-nm PS-SD-OCT, and (e) and (f) are the corresponding phase retardation images (1.9 MB movie). [Media 3] [Media 4] (g) is an OCT fundus.

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Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. Visualization of the sclera of in vivo human macula. (b) OCT B-scan images show the penetration to the sclera. (a) Positions of the B-scan images are indicated by red lines in the OCT fundus.

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Fig. 9.
Fig. 9. (a) 3D volume-rendered OCT images of in vivo human macula in which the OCT intensity signal is displayed in an inverted-gray color map and the choroidal vessels are displayed with an orange-red color map. Click on the figure for movies (short version is 2.3 MB and long version is 4.4 MB). [Media 5] (b) En face slices of the volumetric rendering at several different depths, where a semitransparent color map is applied to the OCT intensity volume. [Media 6] (c) A stereoview of the choroidal vessels of the macula.

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Fig. 10.
Fig. 10. (a) 3D reconstruction of the choroidal vessels of a human optic nerve head (orangered color map) overlaid by the intensity OCT (inverted gray color map). The volume is sectioned along the depth, where the sectioning plane is slightly slanted from the en face plane. Click on the figure for a movie (2.3 MB or 5.1 MB versions). [Media 8][Media 7] (b) 3D rendering of the choroidal vasculature and (c) its stereoview. (d) En face average projection of the choroidal vasculature.

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Fig. 11.
Fig. 11. Comparison between (a) S-OCA and (b) the corresponding intensity-inverted volume.

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Tables (1)

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Table 1. Comparison between S-OCA and other angiography methods. D-OCT, Doppler OCT; CIP, choroidal intensity projection.

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Equations (5)

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〈 S j ( k ) 2 〉 j = S e ( k ) 2 〈 cos 2 ϕ j ( k ) 〉 j .
S e ( k ) = 2 N ∑ j N S j ( k ) 2 .
W ( k ) = S e ( k ) S e ( k ) 2 + n c Gauss ( k )
ε = − ∑ x , z P ( x , z ) log P ( x , z )
I n < I z ' ( x , y ) < μ z ' − 1 2 σ z '
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