Pulsed micro-laser line thermography on submillimeter porosity in carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites: experimental and numerical analyses for the capability of detection

Hai Zhang; Henrique Fernandes; Frank Billy Djupkep Dizeu; Ulf Hassler; Julien Fleuret; Marc Genest; Clemente Ibarra-Castanedo; François Robitaille; Simon Joncas; Xavier Maldague

doi:10.1364/AO.55.0000D1

Applied Optics
Vol. 55,
Issue 34,
pp. D1-D10
(2016)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.55.0000D1

Pulsed micro-laser line thermography on submillimeter porosity in carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites: experimental and numerical analyses for the capability of detection

Hai Zhang, Henrique Fernandes, Frank Billy Djupkep Dizeu, Ulf Hassler, Julien Fleuret, Marc Genest, Clemente Ibarra-Castanedo, François Robitaille, Simon Joncas, and Xavier Maldague

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Hai Zhang, Henrique Fernandes, Frank Billy Djupkep Dizeu, Ulf Hassler, Julien Fleuret, Marc Genest, Clemente Ibarra-Castanedo, François Robitaille, Simon Joncas, and Xavier Maldague, "Pulsed micro-laser line thermography on submillimeter porosity in carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites: experimental and numerical analyses for the capability of detection," Appl. Opt. 55, D1-D10 (2016)

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Abstract

In this article, pulsed micro-laser line thermography (pulsed micro-LLT) was used to detect the submillimeter porosities in a 3D preformed carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite specimen. X-ray microcomputed tomography was used to verify the thermographic results. Then, finite element analysis was performed on the corresponding models on the basis of the experimental results. The same infrared image processing techniques were used for the experimental and simulation results for comparative purposes. Finally, a comparison of experimental and simulation postprocessing results was conducted. In addition, an analysis of probability of detection was performed to evaluate the detection capability of pulsed micro-LLT on submillimeter porosity.

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Technical Specification	Explanation/Value
Detector type	indium antimonide (InSb)
Spectral range	1.5–5.0 μm
Cold filter bandpass	3.0–5.0 μm standard
Pixel resolution	320 (H) × 256 (V) pixels or
	640 (H) × 512 (V) pixels
Detector size	$30 \times 30 μm$ for $320 \times 256$
	$25 \times 25 μm$ for $640 \times 512$
Well capacity	18 M electrons for $320 \times 256$
	11 M electrons for $640 \times 512$
Integration time	$320 \times 256 : 9 μs$ to full frame time
	$640 \times 512 : < 50 μs$ to full frame time
Sensor assembly $f / #$	$f / 2.5$ standard, $f / 4.1$ optional
Sensor cooling	stirling closed cycle cooler
Spec. performance	$< 25 mK$
Max. frame rate with DTS electronics	$320 \times 256 : 345 fps$ in full frame $640 \times 512 : 100 fps$ in full frame
Max. frame rate with RTIE electronics	$320 \times 256 : 120 fps$ in full frame $640 \times 512 : 30 fps$ in full frame

	Epoxy	Fiber	Porosity
Thermal conductivity (k)	0.2 W/(m·K)	{60,4,4} W/(m·K)	0.004 W/(m·K)
Density ( $ρ$ )	$1200 kg / m^{3}$	$1500 kg / m^{3}$	0
Heat capacity ( $C_{ρ}$ )	1000 J/(kg·K)	1000 J/(kg·K)	1004.5 J/(kg·K)

Submillimeter Porosity		Experiment		Simulation
Depth (μm)	Size (μm)	CIS	PCT	CIS	PCT
36	72	1	1	1	1
54	54	1	1	1	1
72	126	1	1	1	1
90	108	1	1	1	1
108	90	1	1	1	1
162	72	0	1	0	1
180	216	0	0	0	1

Technical Specification	Explanation/Value
Detector type	indium antimonide (InSb)
Spectral range	1.5–5.0 μm
Cold filter bandpass	3.0–5.0 μm standard
Pixel resolution	320 (H) × 256 (V) pixels or
	640 (H) × 512 (V) pixels
Detector size	$30 \times 30 μm$ for $320 \times 256$
	$25 \times 25 μm$ for $640 \times 512$
Well capacity	18 M electrons for $320 \times 256$
	11 M electrons for $640 \times 512$
Integration time	$320 \times 256 : 9 μs$ to full frame time
	$640 \times 512 : < 50 μs$ to full frame time
Sensor assembly $f / #$	$f / 2.5$ standard, $f / 4.1$ optional
Sensor cooling	stirling closed cycle cooler
Spec. performance	$< 25 mK$
Max. frame rate with DTS electronics	$320 \times 256 : 345 fps$ in full frame $640 \times 512 : 100 fps$ in full frame
Max. frame rate with RTIE electronics	$320 \times 256 : 120 fps$ in full frame $640 \times 512 : 30 fps$ in full frame

	Epoxy	Fiber	Porosity
Thermal conductivity (k)	0.2 W/(m·K)	{60,4,4} W/(m·K)	0.004 W/(m·K)
Density ( $ρ$ )	$1200 kg / m^{3}$	$1500 kg / m^{3}$	0
Heat capacity ( $C_{ρ}$ )	1000 J/(kg·K)	1000 J/(kg·K)	1004.5 J/(kg·K)

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Equations (3)

Applied Optics