Spatial frequency-based angular behavior of a short-range flicker-free MIMO–OCC link

Shivani Rajendra Teli; Stanislav Zvanovec; Rafael Perez-Jimenez; Zabih Ghassemlooy

doi:10.1364/AO.404378

Applied Optics
Vol. 59,
Issue 33,
pp. 10357-10368
(2020)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.404378

Spatial frequency-based angular behavior of a short-range flicker-free MIMO–OCC link

Shivani Rajendra Teli, Stanislav Zvanovec, Rafael Perez-Jimenez, and Zabih Ghassemlooy

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Shivani Rajendra Teli, Stanislav Zvanovec, Rafael Perez-Jimenez, and Zabih Ghassemlooy, "Spatial frequency-based angular behavior of a short-range flicker-free MIMO–OCC link," Appl. Opt. 59, 10357-10368 (2020)

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- Fiber Optics, Fiber Sensors, and Optical Communications
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: August 3, 2020
- Revised Manuscript: October 8, 2020
- Manuscript Accepted: October 19, 2020
- Published: November 17, 2020

Abstract

In this paper, we provide a solution based on spatial frequency ${f_{\textit{sf}}}$ to study the angular behavior of a flicker-free, short-range indoor multiple–input multiple–output (MIMO) optical camera communications (OCC) link. We focus on the experimental investigation of OCC’s performance for the transmitters (Txs) [i.e., light-emitting diode (LED) based arrays] located at the same and different distances from the receiver (Rx) with the off-axis rotation angle $\theta$. We have used two ${8} \times {8}$ distributed LED arrays and a commercial low-cost complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) Raspberry Pi camera with the rolling-shutter capturing mode as the Tx and Rx, respectively. The image and the respective communications link quality metrics are measured in terms of the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and the rate of successfully received bits with respect to ${f_{\textit{sf}}}$ for different camera shutter speeds (SS). A CMOS image sensor noise characterization is carried in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and PSNR. The proposed study provides a 100% success rate in data reception at the optimum $\theta$ of 50° at lower captured values of ${f_{\textit{sf}}}$, which is projected onto the image sensor in the form of pixels. Moreover, the effect of channel saturation over ${f_{\textit{sf}}}$ is studied with respect to $\theta$ and SS and we show that, for $\theta$ exceeding the optimum value along transmission range, the ${f_{\textit{sf}}}$ area of the Txs reduces to less than ${\sim}{50}\%$ of the captured Tx units at $\theta$ of 0°, where no data can be fully recovered.

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Parameter	Value
RaspiCam chip size	$5.09 m m (H) \times 4.930 m m (W)$
RaspiCam chip size	Diagonal: 4.60 mm
RaspiCam resolution	$1920 \times 1080 p i x e l s$
Raspberry display size	$7^{''}$ (diagonally)
Raspberry display resolution	$800 \times 400 p i x e l s$
$t_{c h i p}$	2.5 ms
$f_{s}$	400 Hz
RaspiCam frame rate	30 fps
$N_{r o w}$	1080 pixels
Tx	$8 \times 8$ RGB NeoPixel LED array
$N_{c h a n n e l s}$	16 LED groups with eight groups each Tx and 8LED/group
$I_{LED-array}$	1.28 A (for each Tx unit)
$t_{f r a m e}$	0.216 ms
SS	200, 400 and 800 µs
$R_{b}$	6.4 kbps
$L$	30–110 cm
$L_{1}$	60–140 cm
$r$	25–45 cm
Tx Rotation angle $θ$	0°–90°
Rx angle $θ_{c}$	90°

$L$ (cm)	$θ$ 0°–20°	$θ$ 30°–50°	$θ$ 60°–80°
30–50	$450 \times 450$	$210 \times 310$	$200 \times 300$
30–50	$459 \times 459$	$300 \times 300$	$171 \times 290$
60–80	$155 \times 285$	$150 \times 280$	$145 \times 260$
60–80	$200 \times 299$	$195 \times 294$	$185 \times 285$
90–110	$78 \times 230$	$65 \times 215$	$55 \times 200$
90–110	$115 \times 240$	$105 \times 235$	$100 \times 125$

$L$ and $L_{1}$ (cm)	$θ$ 0°–20°	$θ$ 30°–50°	$θ$ 60°–70°
60–70	$165 \times 175$	$160 \times 210$	$148 \times 200$
30–40	$450 \times 451$	$349 \times 351$	$170 \times 289$
80–90	$210 \times 210$	$190 \times 200$	$125 \times 155$
50–60	$100 \times 170$	$95 \times 165$	$80 \times 150$
90	$100 \times 160$	$70 \times 150$	$56 \times 175$
120	$80 \times 155$	$50 \times 140$	$40 \times 100$

Parameter	Value
RaspiCam chip size	$5.09 m m (H) \times 4.930 m m (W)$
RaspiCam chip size	Diagonal: 4.60 mm
RaspiCam resolution	$1920 \times 1080 p i x e l s$
Raspberry display size	$7^{''}$ (diagonally)
Raspberry display resolution	$800 \times 400 p i x e l s$
$t_{c h i p}$	2.5 ms
$f_{s}$	400 Hz
RaspiCam frame rate	30 fps
$N_{r o w}$	1080 pixels
Tx	$8 \times 8$ RGB NeoPixel LED array
$N_{c h a n n e l s}$	16 LED groups with eight groups each Tx and 8LED/group
$I_{LED-array}$	1.28 A (for each Tx unit)
$t_{f r a m e}$	0.216 ms
SS	200, 400 and 800 µs
$R_{b}$	6.4 kbps
$L$	30–110 cm
$L_{1}$	60–140 cm
$r$	25–45 cm
Tx Rotation angle $θ$	0°–90°
Rx angle $θ_{c}$	90°

$L$ (cm)	$θ$ 0°–20°	$θ$ 30°–50°	$θ$ 60°–80°
30–50	$450 \times 450$	$210 \times 310$	$200 \times 300$
30–50	$459 \times 459$	$300 \times 300$	$171 \times 290$
60–80	$155 \times 285$	$150 \times 280$	$145 \times 260$
60–80	$200 \times 299$	$195 \times 294$	$185 \times 285$
90–110	$78 \times 230$	$65 \times 215$	$55 \times 200$
90–110	$115 \times 240$	$105 \times 235$	$100 \times 125$

Shivani Rajendra Teli	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2122-6354
Rafael Perez-Jimenez	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8849-592X
Zabih Ghassemlooy	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5780-9703

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