Numerical and analytical analysis of an ultrahigh sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor based on a black phosphorene/graphene heterostructure

Abolfazl Nourizad; Saeed Golmohammadi; Mohammad Reza Tohidkia; Mohammad Reza Tohidkia; Ayuob Aghanejad; Ayuob Aghanejad

doi:10.1364/AO.489116

Applied Optics
Vol. 62,
Issue 25,
pp. 6542-6552
(2023)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.489116

Numerical and analytical analysis of an ultrahigh sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor based on a black phosphorene/graphene heterostructure

Abolfazl Nourizad, Saeed Golmohammadi, Mohammad Reza Tohidkia, and Ayuob Aghanejad

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Abolfazl Nourizad, Saeed Golmohammadi, Mohammad Reza Tohidkia, and Ayuob Aghanejad, "Numerical and analytical analysis of an ultrahigh sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor based on a black phosphorene/graphene heterostructure," Appl. Opt. 62, 6542-6552 (2023)

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- Optical Devices, Sensors, and Detectors
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: March 9, 2023
- Revised Manuscript: May 25, 2023
- Manuscript Accepted: June 9, 2023
- Published: August 21, 2023

Abstract

In this study, a surface plasmon resonance biosensor using angular interrogation based on a black phosphorene (BP) and graphene (G) heterostructure as two-dimensional materials are designed to enhance the sensitivity of conventional biosensors. The proposed structure is composed of eight layers: FK51A coupling prism, silver (Ag) thin film as the plasmonic metal, gold (Au) nanolayer in a protective role, BP nanosheets as an evanescent field enhancer, G monolayer as an immobilization process facilitator, DNA aptamer as biorecognition element, and phosphate buffered saline as a running buffer and sensing medium. To evaluate the performance of the proposed biosensor, analytical parameters such as minimum reflectivity (${R_{{\rm min}}}$), sensitivity, as well as the full width at half-maximum (FWHM), detection accuracy (DA), and quality factor (QF) are systematically assessed by the use of the transfer matrix method analytically and the finite-difference time-domain method numerically, to validate each other. It is observed that the structure has been optimized with 1.49 (RIU) for the coupling prism and the heterostructure ${{\rm TiO}_2}/{\rm Ag}/{\rm Au}/{\rm BP}/{\rm G}$ thicknesses of 65/35/1/3.18/0.34 nm, respectively. It was revealed that the proposed biosensor offered the sensitivity of 356 (°/RIU), QF of 42.4 (${{\rm RIU}^{- 1}}$), ${R_{{\rm min}}}$ of 0.07 (a.u), FWHM of 8.3 (degree), and DA of 0.22 (unitless) and outperformed those of other results published up to now from the sensitivity point of view.

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Structure Number	Structure	Optimization Parameter	Sensitivity ( $d e g r e e . {R I U}^{- 1}$ )	DA (unitless)	FWHM (degree)	QF ( ${R I U}^{- 1}$ )	$R_{m i n}$ (a.u)	Optimized Parameter
I	Prism/Ag(50 nm)/PBS	Prism RI	140	0.45	1.53	91	0.005	1.49 RIU
II	Prism/Ag/PBS	Ag thickness	147	0.64	1.14	128	0.08	58 nm
III	$P r i s m / {T i O}_{2} / A g / P B S$	${T i O}_{2}$ thickness	151	0.68	1.1	136	0.19	65 nm
IV	$P r i s m / {T i O}_{2} / A g / A u / P B S$	Ag/Au thickness	193	0.33	2.93	66	0.19	35 nm/17 nm
V	$P r i s m / {T i O}_{2} / A g / A u / B P / P B S$	Au/BP thickness	415	0.26	7.8	53	0.05	1 nm/3.71 nm
VI	$P r i s m / {T i O}_{2} / A g / A u / B P / L i g a n d / P B S$	Au/BP thickness	293	0.15	9.5	27	0.12	2.25 nm/3.18 nm
VII	$Prism / Ti O_{2} / Ag / Au / BP / Graphene / Ligand / PBS$	Au/BP/G thickness	359.8	0.22	8.3	42.7	0.07	1 nm/3.18 nm/0.34 nm

Sensor Structure	Operating Wavelength (nm)	Sensitivity ( $d e g r e e . {R I U}^{- 1}$ )	DA (unitless)	FWHM (degree)	QF ( ${R I U}^{- 1}$ )	$R_{m i n}$ (a.u)	Reference
${S F 10 - A u - S i - W S}_{2} - H_{2} O$	600	155.68	0.044	17.46	8.9	0.003	[28]
${B K 7 - A u - M o S}_{2} - A u - G - H_{2} O$	633	182	N.R	N.R	N.R	N.R	[29]
${B K 7 - A i r - W S}_{2} - A l - {W S}_{2} - G - H_{2} O$	633	315.5	0.096	16.74	18.84	N.R	[45]
${B K 7 - A g - F r a n k i e t e - N i - G - H}_{2} O$	633	242	0.34	3.5	69	0.29	[33]
${B K 7 - A g - S i - B a T i O}_{3} - B R E - H_{2} O$	633	130	0.054	11.86	10.9	0.015	[46]
Proposed structure	633	359	0.22	8.3	42.7	0.07	–

Structure Number	Structure	Optimization Parameter	Sensitivity ( $d e g r e e . {R I U}^{- 1}$ )	DA (unitless)	FWHM (degree)	QF ( ${R I U}^{- 1}$ )	$R_{m i n}$ (a.u)	Optimized Parameter
I	Prism/Ag(50 nm)/PBS	Prism RI	140	0.45	1.53	91	0.005	1.49 RIU
II	Prism/Ag/PBS	Ag thickness	147	0.64	1.14	128	0.08	58 nm
III	$P r i s m / {T i O}_{2} / A g / P B S$	${T i O}_{2}$ thickness	151	0.68	1.1	136	0.19	65 nm
IV	$P r i s m / {T i O}_{2} / A g / A u / P B S$	Ag/Au thickness	193	0.33	2.93	66	0.19	35 nm/17 nm
V	$P r i s m / {T i O}_{2} / A g / A u / B P / P B S$	Au/BP thickness	415	0.26	7.8	53	0.05	1 nm/3.71 nm
VI	$P r i s m / {T i O}_{2} / A g / A u / B P / L i g a n d / P B S$	Au/BP thickness	293	0.15	9.5	27	0.12	2.25 nm/3.18 nm
VII	$Prism / Ti O_{2} / Ag / Au / BP / Graphene / Ligand / PBS$	Au/BP/G thickness	359.8	0.22	8.3	42.7	0.07	1 nm/3.18 nm/0.34 nm

Sensor Structure	Operating Wavelength (nm)	Sensitivity ( $d e g r e e . {R I U}^{- 1}$ )	DA (unitless)	FWHM (degree)	QF ( ${R I U}^{- 1}$ )	$R_{m i n}$ (a.u)	Reference
${S F 10 - A u - S i - W S}_{2} - H_{2} O$	600	155.68	0.044	17.46	8.9	0.003	[28]
${B K 7 - A u - M o S}_{2} - A u - G - H_{2} O$	633	182	N.R	N.R	N.R	N.R	[29]
${B K 7 - A i r - W S}_{2} - A l - {W S}_{2} - G - H_{2} O$	633	315.5	0.096	16.74	18.84	N.R	[45]
${B K 7 - A g - F r a n k i e t e - N i - G - H}_{2} O$	633	242	0.34	3.5	69	0.29	[33]
${B K 7 - A g - S i - B a T i O}_{3} - B R E - H_{2} O$	633	130	0.054	11.86	10.9	0.015	[46]
Proposed structure	633	359	0.22	8.3	42.7	0.07	–

Abstract

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Applied Optics