Spatial variant gloss measurement of dielectric materials based on a polarized camera

Tsung-Lin Lu; Tzung-Han Lin

doi:10.1364/AO.502759

Applied Optics
Vol. 62,
Issue 32,
pp. 8686-8695
(2023)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.502759

Spatial variant gloss measurement of dielectric materials based on a polarized camera

Tsung-Lin Lu and Tzung-Han Lin

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Tsung-Lin Lu and Tzung-Han Lin, "Spatial variant gloss measurement of dielectric materials based on a polarized camera," Appl. Opt. 62, 8686-8695 (2023)

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Table of Contents Category
- Instrumentation and Measurements
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: August 9, 2023
- Revised Manuscript: October 20, 2023
- Manuscript Accepted: October 22, 2023
- Published: November 8, 2023

Abstract

This study proposes an imaging method for gloss measurement solely by a single shot from a polarized camera. The system, comprising a polarized camera and well-diffused LED plate light, is inspired by the framework of ASTM D523, and it acquires images at 60° incident direction. The polarization characteristics of dielectric material samples were analyzed. A regression model was developed by using natural color system gloss scale and a commercial gloss meter. Subsequently, the gloss and spatial resolutions of this method were verified using various types of measurement samples. From experiments regarding different benchmarks, we concluded that the proposed method performs sufficiently for spatial variant gloss measurement.

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Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Refractive Index	1.3	1.4	1.5	1.6	1.7	1.8	1.9	2.0	2.1	2.2	2.3	2.4
Power from $s$ -polarized state ( $W / m^{2}$ )	5.10	7.03	8.83	10.49	12.03	13.46	14.78	16.00	17.15	18.21	19.21	20.15
Power from $p$ -polarized state ( $W / m^{2}$ )	0.24	0.17	0.09	0.03	0.00	0.01	0.05	0.13	0.25	0.40	0.58	0.79
Ratio of $p$ -polarized to all (%)	4.41	2.31	1.01	0.29	0.02	0.06	0.36	0.83	1.44	2.15	2.93	3.75
Brewster angle (degree)	52.43	54.46	56.31	57.99	59.53	60.95	62.24	63.43	64.54	65.56	66.50	67.38

	Samples of Gloss Scale	2 GU	6 GU	12 GU	30 GU	50 GU	75 GU
Ground truth from BYK–Gardner gloss meter (GU)	White	2.7	5.5	10.7	26.3	43.5	67.6
	Light gray	2.3	5.5	10	35.2	45	73.5
	Mid gray	1.9	8.8	15.7	26.9	46.5	73
	Black	2.2	8.3	12.1	26.2	46	68.5
$I_{s p}$ values from camera (pixel intensity, 8 bit)	White	53	98	126	157	168	176
	Light gray	49	99	129	157	164	173
	Mid gray	52	124	141	152	163	172
	Black	58	113	128	156	167	171
$I_{p p}$ values from camera (pixel intensity, 8 bit)	White	36	38	38	38	39	38
	Light gray	23	23	27	25	27	27
	Mid gray	15	18	20	19	18	20
	Black	7	8	10	9	9	8

Sample ID	Region\Times	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	5th	Average	Deviation
1	Hybrid	37.3	38.1	38.5	37.8	37.5	37.8	0.43
2	Hybrid	38.8	37.7	39.2	38.6	39.7	38.8	0.67
3	Hybrid	43.4	44.1	44.2	44.1	44.8	44.1	0.44
4	Hybrid	37.4	37.6	38.1	37.8	37.1	37.6	0.34
5	Hybrid	40.6	41.2	42	41.3	41.6	41.3	0.46
6	Hybrid	40.3	41	40.6	39.8	41.5	40.6	0.58
7	Without coating only	6.7	6.5	7.0	6.5	6.8	6.7	0.19
	With coating only	88.8	90.9	90.4	89.2	89.4	89.7	0.78

Refractive Index	1.3	1.4	1.5	1.6	1.7	1.8	1.9	2.0	2.1	2.2	2.3	2.4
Power from $s$ -polarized state ( $W / m^{2}$ )	5.10	7.03	8.83	10.49	12.03	13.46	14.78	16.00	17.15	18.21	19.21	20.15
Power from $p$ -polarized state ( $W / m^{2}$ )	0.24	0.17	0.09	0.03	0.00	0.01	0.05	0.13	0.25	0.40	0.58	0.79
Ratio of $p$ -polarized to all (%)	4.41	2.31	1.01	0.29	0.02	0.06	0.36	0.83	1.44	2.15	2.93	3.75
Brewster angle (degree)	52.43	54.46	56.31	57.99	59.53	60.95	62.24	63.43	64.54	65.56	66.50	67.38

	Samples of Gloss Scale	2 GU	6 GU	12 GU	30 GU	50 GU	75 GU
Ground truth from BYK–Gardner gloss meter (GU)	White	2.7	5.5	10.7	26.3	43.5	67.6
	Light gray	2.3	5.5	10	35.2	45	73.5
	Mid gray	1.9	8.8	15.7	26.9	46.5	73
	Black	2.2	8.3	12.1	26.2	46	68.5
$I_{s p}$ values from camera (pixel intensity, 8 bit)	White	53	98	126	157	168	176
	Light gray	49	99	129	157	164	173
	Mid gray	52	124	141	152	163	172
	Black	58	113	128	156	167	171
$I_{p p}$ values from camera (pixel intensity, 8 bit)	White	36	38	38	38	39	38
	Light gray	23	23	27	25	27	27
	Mid gray	15	18	20	19	18	20
	Black	7	8	10	9	9	8

Abstract

Data availability

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Tables (3)

Equations (6)

Applied Optics