Abstract

A novel shape optimization procedure is formulated for obtaining a higher phase change while maintaining high transmission in phase modulators. The formulation is implemented as a shape optimization tool. Subwavelength grating-based Si carrier depletion and carrier injection modulators are considered for testing the optimizer. Carrier transport simulations were performed to extract the carrier concentration profiles and were used in the optimizer. The optimized structures are then validated using simulation for transmission and phase change. The results show that the optimization tool developed can optimize both carrier injection and depletion type modulators, in terms of both transmission and phase modulation. The optimized structures can be placed in a ring or Mach-Zehnder modulator to make compact modulators with low drive voltages.

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