Ultrashort pulse generation in erbium-doped fiber lasers in South America: a historical review

E. A. Thoroh de Souza; E. A. Thoroh de Souza; David Steinberg; Lucia A. M. Saito; Lucia A. M. Saito; Henrique G. Rosa; Juan D. Zapata; Christiano J. S. de Matos; Christiano J. S. de Matos; Hugo L. Fragnito; Carlos H. Brito Cruz

doi:10.1364/JOSAB.482638

Journal of the Optical Society of America B
Vol. 40,
Issue 4,
pp. C148-C176
(2023)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.482638

Ultrashort pulse generation in erbium-doped fiber lasers in South America: a historical review

E. A. Thoroh de Souza, David Steinberg, Lucia A. M. Saito, Henrique G. Rosa, Juan D. Zapata, Christiano J. S. de Matos, Hugo L. Fragnito, and Carlos H. Brito Cruz

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E. A. Thoroh de Souza, David Steinberg, Lucia A. M. Saito, Henrique G. Rosa, Juan D. Zapata, Christiano J. S. de Matos, Hugo L. Fragnito, and Carlos H. Brito Cruz, "Ultrashort pulse generation in erbium-doped fiber lasers in South America: a historical review," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 40, C148-C176 (2023)

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Abstract

This paper reviews the scientific contributions of the last 30 years on erbium-doped fiber laser ultrashort pulse generation in South America. The focus is on contributions authored in South American institutions. It reveals a wide variety of laser cavities, ranging in length from a few centimeters to tens of kilometers, and optical pulses, from tens of femtoseconds to nanoseconds, with fully controlled average and peak powers. Furthermore, different approaches for ultrashort pulse generation using active (synchronous and asynchronous) and/or passive mode-locking techniques are discussed, as well as the employment of nonlinear optical phenomena (Kerr effect) and several two-dimensional nanomaterials as saturable absorbers, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphite, graphene oxide, reduced-graphene oxide, semiconductor transition metal dichalcogenides, and black phosphorus. Finally, the paper revisits and discusses several advances, important milestones, and records on ultrashort pulse generation in erbium-doped fiber lasers, with many essential outcomes attesting to the high quality of research carried out in South America in the field of ultrafast fiber lasers.

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		Saturation Parameters		Mode-Locking Results
Material	Method	$α_{s}$ (%)	$I_{s}$ ( $M W / {c m}^{2}$ )	$Δ λ$ (nm)	$Δ t$ (fs)	$f_{C}$ (MHz)	Ref.
CNT	HiPCO			10.2	364	25	[148]
				8.5	370	53	[149]
		25	0.1	8.7	550	45	[150]
Monolayer graphene	CVD			6.33	599	42	[24]
				2.90–4.60	640–1170	60.6	[91]
	ME	1.47	0.62	5.43	672	20	[160]
Few-layer graphene		0.35–1.03	267–1315	3.70–4.70	670–790	14.50	[95]
r-GO	LPE	6.50	0.60	7.30	570	23.80	[98]
BP		3.50	2	4.50	650	13.80	[98]

		Saturation Parameters		Mode-Locking Results
Material	Method	$α_{s}$ (%)	$I_{S} (M W / c m_{2})$	$Δ λ$ (nm)	$Δ τ$ (fs)	$f_{C}$ (MHz)	SNR (dB)	Ref.
Monolayer graphene	CVD	–	–	10	256	12.29	–	[131]
		–	–	30	147	16.25	–	[25]
		0.20	400	33–1.16	160–3450	16.25–0.438	–	[134]
Graphite	ME	3.30	53	21	220	15.70	63	[26]
$M o S_{2}$		–	–	20.5	200	14.53	84	[97]
$R e S_{2}$		3.40	590	26	220	16.26	70	[27]
GO/r-GO	LPE	22/35	46/58	27/24	190	15.73	74	[96]

Nanomaterials			Saturable Absorber Fabrication		Mode-Locking Results
Family	Material	Laser Cavity	Method	Fiber Sample	$Δ λ$ (nm)	$Δ τ$ (fs)	Ref.
Carbon-based	CNT	EDFL	HiPCO	End-face	3	–	[76]
nanomaterials					0.49–3.74	747–7000	[75]
					10.0	370	[148]
					8.5	370	[149]
			HiPCO, CoMoCAT, and/or Arc discharge		4.30–7.50	560–680	[150]
		Raman fiber laser	HiPCO		1.10–2.30	$2.3 \times 1 0^{6}$	[197]
	Monolayer	EDFL	CVD		6.30	600	[24]
	graphene		Exfoliated		5.40	670	[160]
			CVD	D-shaped	30	147	[25]
	Few-layer		Exfoliated	End-face	3.70–4.70	670–790	[95]
	graphene		CVD		2.90–4.60	620–1180	[91]
	Graphite		Exfoliated	D-shaped	20.5	220	[26]
	GO		Hummers		27.2	190	[96]
	r-GO				24.1	190	[96]
				End-face	7.30	570	[98]
				PCF	8.10	356	[196]
TMDs	$M o S_{2}$		Exfoliated	D-shaped	20.5	200	[97]
	$R e S_{2}$				26	220	[27]
BP	BP		LPE	End-face	4.50	650	[98]

		Saturation Parameters		Mode-Locking Results
Material	Method	$α_{s}$ (%)	$I_{s}$ ( $M W / {c m}^{2}$ )	$Δ λ$ (nm)	$Δ t$ (fs)	$f_{C}$ (MHz)	Ref.
CNT	HiPCO			10.2	364	25	[148]
				8.5	370	53	[149]
		25	0.1	8.7	550	45	[150]
Monolayer graphene	CVD			6.33	599	42	[24]
				2.90–4.60	640–1170	60.6	[91]
	ME	1.47	0.62	5.43	672	20	[160]
Few-layer graphene		0.35–1.03	267–1315	3.70–4.70	670–790	14.50	[95]
r-GO	LPE	6.50	0.60	7.30	570	23.80	[98]
BP		3.50	2	4.50	650	13.80	[98]

		Saturation Parameters		Mode-Locking Results
Material	Method	$α_{s}$ (%)	$I_{S} (M W / c m_{2})$	$Δ λ$ (nm)	$Δ τ$ (fs)	$f_{C}$ (MHz)	SNR (dB)	Ref.
Monolayer graphene	CVD	–	–	10	256	12.29	–	[131]
		–	–	30	147	16.25	–	[25]
		0.20	400	33–1.16	160–3450	16.25–0.438	–	[134]
Graphite	ME	3.30	53	21	220	15.70	63	[26]
$M o S_{2}$		–	–	20.5	200	14.53	84	[97]
$R e S_{2}$		3.40	590	26	220	16.26	70	[27]
GO/r-GO	LPE	22/35	46/58	27/24	190	15.73	74	[96]

E. A. Thoroh de Souza	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3867-7186
Lucia A. M. Saito	https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7157-1191
Christiano J. S. de Matos	https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6165-3791
Hugo L. Fragnito	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3768-682X
Carlos H. Brito Cruz	https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8042-1638

Abstract

Data availability

Cited By

Figures (24)

Tables (3)

Equations (1)

Journal of the Optical Society of America B