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Demonstration of new technology MEMS and liquid crystal adaptive optics on bright astronomical objects and satellites

David Dayton, John Gonglewski, Sergio Restaino, Jeffrey Martin, James Phillips, Mary Hartman, Stephen Browne, Paul Kervin, Joshua Snodgrass, Nevin Heimann, Michael Shilko, Richard Pohle, Bill Carrion, Clint Smith, and Daniel Thiel

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Abstract

We present here results using two novel adaptive optic elements, an electro-static membrane mirror, and a dual frequency nematic liquid crystal. These devices have the advantage of low cost, low power consumption, and compact size. Possible applications of the devices are astronomical adaptive optics, laser beam control, laser cavity mode control, and real time holography. Field experiments were performed on the Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate’s 3.67 meter AMOS telescope on Maui, Hawaii.

©2002 Optical Society of America

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Figures (11)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Schematic of membrane mirror.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Electrode pattern of the OKO membrane mirror with Shack-Hartmann lenslets overlaid.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Illustration of dual frequency birefringent liquid crystal cell.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Diagram of meadowlark optics multi-segment dual frequency liquid crystal phase retarder.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Block diagram of MIMO pulse-amplitude feedback control algorithm.

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Diagram of experimental breadboard for AMOS field tests.

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Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. Diagram of Coude room at AEOS telescope.

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Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. Long exposure images of Vega using the membrane mirror, ro~19 cm.

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Fig. 9.
Fig. 9. Long exposure images of Arcturas using the liquid crystal, ro~17 cm.

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Fig. 10.
Fig. 10. Open and closed loop images of Seasat using membrane mirror device; Fig. b) is a 1.4 Mbyte mpeg movie showing open and closed loop images.

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Fig. 11.
Fig. 11. Open and closed loop images of the International Space Station using liquid crystal device; Fig. b) is a 2.5 Mbyte mpeg movie showing closed and open loop images.

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Tables (1)

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Table 1. Performance Parameters for the AO Devices

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Equations (11)

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Δϕ = 2 π λ ∫ − d 2 d 2 [ n ( z ) − n 0 ] ,
n ( z ) = n e n o [ n o 2 cos ⁡ 2 θ ( z ) + n e 2 sin ⁡ 2 θ ( z ) ] 2 .
∂ ∂ z [ ( K 11 cos ⁡ 2 θ + K 33 sin ⁡ 2 θ ) ∂ θ ∂ z ] − ( K 33 − K 11 ) sin ⁡ θ cos ⁡ θ ( ∂ θ ∂ z ) 2
+ ( α 2 sin ⁡ 2 θ − α 3 cos ⁡ 2 θ ) ∂ v ∂ z + Δε E 2 4 π sin ⁡ θ cos ⁡ θ = γ 1 ∂ θ ∂ t + I ∂ 2 θ ∂ t 2 ,
Strehl = e − σ 2 ,
σ 2 = σ fit 2 + σ temp 2 + σ wfs 2 .
σ fit 2 ≅ α ( r s r 0 ) 5 3 ,
σ temp 2 = ( f g f 3 dB ) 5 3 ,
σ wfs 2 ≅ . 35 ( π 2 4 snr 2 ) ,
Strehl mem ≅ . 49 ,
Strehl lc ≅ . 23 ,
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