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Microstructured optical fiber photonic wires with subwavelength core diameter

Yannick K. Lizé, Eric C. Mägi, Vahid G. Ta’eed, Jeremy A. Bolger, Paul Steinvurzel, and Benjamin J. Eggleton

Open Access Open Access

Abstract

We demonstrate fabrication of robust, low-loss silica photonic wires using tapered microstructured silica optical fiber. The fiber is tapered by a factor of fifty while retaining the internal structure and leaving the air holes completely open. The air holes isolate the core mode from the surrounding environment, making it insensitive to surface contamination and contact leakage, suggesting applications as nanowires for photonic circuits. We describe a transition between two different operation regimes of our photonic wire from the embedded regime, where the mode is isolated from the environment, to the evanescent regime, where more than 70% of the mode intensity can propagate outside of the fiber. Interesting dispersion and nonlinear properties are identified.

©2004 Optical Society of America

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References

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  1. L. Tong, R.R. Gattass, J.B. Ashcom, and S. He, GN Lou, M. Shen, I. Maxwell and E. Mazur, “Subwavelength-diameter silica wires for low-loss optical wave guiding,” Nature 426 (12), 816–819 (2003).
  2. G. Brambilla, V. Finazzi, and D.J. Richardson, “Ultra-low-loss optical fiber nanotapers,” Opt. Express 12 (10) 2258–63 (2004), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-10-2258
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  3. S.G. Leon-Saval, T.A. Birks, W.J. Wadsworth, P. St.J. Russell, and M.W. Mason, “Efficient single-mode supercontinuum generation in submicron-diameter silica-air fibre waveguides,” postdeadline paper CPDA6, CLEO 2004.
  4. T. A. Birks and Y. W. Li, “The shape of fiber tapers,” IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. 10, 432–438 (1992).
    [Crossref]
  5. J. Bures and R. Ghosh, “Power density of the evanescent field in the vicinity of a tapered fiber,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 16, 1992–1996 (1999).
    [Crossref]
  6. D.A. Akimov, M. Schmitt, R. Maksimenka, K.V. Dukel’skii, Y.N. Kondrat’ev, A.V. Khokhlov, V.S. Shevandin, W. Kiefer, and A.M. Zheltikov, “Supercontinuum generation in a multiple-submicron-core microstructure fiber: toward limiting waveguide enhancement of nonlinear-optical processes,” Appl. Phys. B 77, 299–305 (2003).
    [Crossref]
  7. L. Tong, J. Lou, and E. Mazur, “Single-mode guiding properties of subwavelength-diameter silica and silicon wire waveguides,” Opt. Express 12 (6), 1025–1035 (2003), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-6-1025
    [Crossref]
  8. E. C. Mägi, P. Steinvurzel, and B. J. Eggleton, “Tapered photonic crystal fibers,” Opt. Express 12, 776–784 (2004), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-5-776
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  9. J. K. Ranka, R. S. Windeler, and A. J. Stentz, “Visible continuum generation in air silica microstructure optical fibers with anomalous dispersion at 800nm,” Opt. Lett. 25(1), 25–27 (2000).
    [Crossref]
  10. J. K. Chandalia, B. J. Eggleton, R. S. Windeler, S. G. Kosinski, X. Liu, and C. Xu, “Adiabatic coupling in tapered air—silica microstructured optical fiber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.,  13 (1), 52–54 (2001).
    [Crossref]
  11. R.P. Kenny, T.A. Birks, and K.P. Oakley, “Control of optical fiber taper shape,” Electron. Lett. 27(18)1654–1656 (1991).
    [Crossref]
  12. P. Dumais, F. Gonthier, S. Lacroix, J. Bures, A. Villeneuve, P. G. J. Wigley, and G. I. Stegeman, “Enhanced self-phase modulation in tapered fibers,” Opt. Lett. 18, 1996–1998 (1993).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  13. T. A. Birks, W. J. Wadsworth, and P. St. J. Russell, “Supercontinuum generation in tapered fibers,” Opt. Lett.,  25(19), 1415–1417 (2000).
    [Crossref]
  14. B. J. Eggleton, C. Kerbage, P. S. Westbrook, R. S. Windeler, and A. Hale, “Microstructured optical fiber devices,” Opt. Express 9, 698–713 (2001), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-9-13-698.
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  15. F. Bilodeau, K.O. Hill, S. Faucher, and D.C. Johnson, “Low-loss highly overcoupled couplers: Fabrication and sensitivity to external pressure,” IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. 6, 1476–82 (1988).
    [Crossref]
  16. E. C. Mägi, P. Steinvurzel, and B. J. Eggleton, “Transverse characterization of tapered photonic crystal fibers,” accepted J. Appl. Phys., 2004.
    [Crossref]
  17. G.P. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics, 2nd ed. (Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1995).
  18. http://www.crystal-fibre.com/Products/nonlinear/datasheets/NL-800_List.pdf
  19. J. M. Harbold, F. Ö. Ilday, F. W. Wise, T. A. Birks, W. J. Wadsworth, and Z. Chen, “Long-wavelength continuum generation about the second dispersion zero of a tapered fiber,” Opt. Lett. 27 (17) 1558–1560 (2002).
    [Crossref]
  20. A. L. Gaeta, “Nonlinear propagation and continuum generation in microstructured optical fibers,” Opt. Lett. 27, 924–926 (2002).
    [Crossref]

2004 (2)

2003 (2)

D.A. Akimov, M. Schmitt, R. Maksimenka, K.V. Dukel’skii, Y.N. Kondrat’ev, A.V. Khokhlov, V.S. Shevandin, W. Kiefer, and A.M. Zheltikov, “Supercontinuum generation in a multiple-submicron-core microstructure fiber: toward limiting waveguide enhancement of nonlinear-optical processes,” Appl. Phys. B 77, 299–305 (2003).
[Crossref]

L. Tong, J. Lou, and E. Mazur, “Single-mode guiding properties of subwavelength-diameter silica and silicon wire waveguides,” Opt. Express 12 (6), 1025–1035 (2003), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-6-1025
[Crossref]

2002 (2)

2001 (2)

B. J. Eggleton, C. Kerbage, P. S. Westbrook, R. S. Windeler, and A. Hale, “Microstructured optical fiber devices,” Opt. Express 9, 698–713 (2001), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-9-13-698.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. K. Chandalia, B. J. Eggleton, R. S. Windeler, S. G. Kosinski, X. Liu, and C. Xu, “Adiabatic coupling in tapered air—silica microstructured optical fiber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.,  13 (1), 52–54 (2001).
[Crossref]

2000 (2)

J. K. Ranka, R. S. Windeler, and A. J. Stentz, “Visible continuum generation in air silica microstructure optical fibers with anomalous dispersion at 800nm,” Opt. Lett. 25(1), 25–27 (2000).
[Crossref]

T. A. Birks, W. J. Wadsworth, and P. St. J. Russell, “Supercontinuum generation in tapered fibers,” Opt. Lett.,  25(19), 1415–1417 (2000).
[Crossref]

1999 (1)

1993 (1)

1992 (1)

T. A. Birks and Y. W. Li, “The shape of fiber tapers,” IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. 10, 432–438 (1992).
[Crossref]

1991 (1)

R.P. Kenny, T.A. Birks, and K.P. Oakley, “Control of optical fiber taper shape,” Electron. Lett. 27(18)1654–1656 (1991).
[Crossref]

1988 (1)

F. Bilodeau, K.O. Hill, S. Faucher, and D.C. Johnson, “Low-loss highly overcoupled couplers: Fabrication and sensitivity to external pressure,” IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. 6, 1476–82 (1988).
[Crossref]

Agrawal, G.P.

G.P. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics, 2nd ed. (Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1995).

Akimov, D.A.

D.A. Akimov, M. Schmitt, R. Maksimenka, K.V. Dukel’skii, Y.N. Kondrat’ev, A.V. Khokhlov, V.S. Shevandin, W. Kiefer, and A.M. Zheltikov, “Supercontinuum generation in a multiple-submicron-core microstructure fiber: toward limiting waveguide enhancement of nonlinear-optical processes,” Appl. Phys. B 77, 299–305 (2003).
[Crossref]

Ashcom, J.B.

L. Tong, R.R. Gattass, J.B. Ashcom, and S. He, GN Lou, M. Shen, I. Maxwell and E. Mazur, “Subwavelength-diameter silica wires for low-loss optical wave guiding,” Nature 426 (12), 816–819 (2003).

Bilodeau, F.

F. Bilodeau, K.O. Hill, S. Faucher, and D.C. Johnson, “Low-loss highly overcoupled couplers: Fabrication and sensitivity to external pressure,” IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. 6, 1476–82 (1988).
[Crossref]

Birks, T. A.

J. M. Harbold, F. Ö. Ilday, F. W. Wise, T. A. Birks, W. J. Wadsworth, and Z. Chen, “Long-wavelength continuum generation about the second dispersion zero of a tapered fiber,” Opt. Lett. 27 (17) 1558–1560 (2002).
[Crossref]

T. A. Birks, W. J. Wadsworth, and P. St. J. Russell, “Supercontinuum generation in tapered fibers,” Opt. Lett.,  25(19), 1415–1417 (2000).
[Crossref]

T. A. Birks and Y. W. Li, “The shape of fiber tapers,” IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. 10, 432–438 (1992).
[Crossref]

Birks, T.A.

R.P. Kenny, T.A. Birks, and K.P. Oakley, “Control of optical fiber taper shape,” Electron. Lett. 27(18)1654–1656 (1991).
[Crossref]

S.G. Leon-Saval, T.A. Birks, W.J. Wadsworth, P. St.J. Russell, and M.W. Mason, “Efficient single-mode supercontinuum generation in submicron-diameter silica-air fibre waveguides,” postdeadline paper CPDA6, CLEO 2004.

Brambilla, G.

Bures, J.

Chandalia, J. K.

J. K. Chandalia, B. J. Eggleton, R. S. Windeler, S. G. Kosinski, X. Liu, and C. Xu, “Adiabatic coupling in tapered air—silica microstructured optical fiber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.,  13 (1), 52–54 (2001).
[Crossref]

Chen, Z.

Dukel’skii, K.V.

D.A. Akimov, M. Schmitt, R. Maksimenka, K.V. Dukel’skii, Y.N. Kondrat’ev, A.V. Khokhlov, V.S. Shevandin, W. Kiefer, and A.M. Zheltikov, “Supercontinuum generation in a multiple-submicron-core microstructure fiber: toward limiting waveguide enhancement of nonlinear-optical processes,” Appl. Phys. B 77, 299–305 (2003).
[Crossref]

Dumais, P.

Eggleton, B. J.

E. C. Mägi, P. Steinvurzel, and B. J. Eggleton, “Tapered photonic crystal fibers,” Opt. Express 12, 776–784 (2004), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-5-776
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. K. Chandalia, B. J. Eggleton, R. S. Windeler, S. G. Kosinski, X. Liu, and C. Xu, “Adiabatic coupling in tapered air—silica microstructured optical fiber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.,  13 (1), 52–54 (2001).
[Crossref]

B. J. Eggleton, C. Kerbage, P. S. Westbrook, R. S. Windeler, and A. Hale, “Microstructured optical fiber devices,” Opt. Express 9, 698–713 (2001), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-9-13-698.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. C. Mägi, P. Steinvurzel, and B. J. Eggleton, “Transverse characterization of tapered photonic crystal fibers,” accepted J. Appl. Phys., 2004.
[Crossref]

Faucher, S.

F. Bilodeau, K.O. Hill, S. Faucher, and D.C. Johnson, “Low-loss highly overcoupled couplers: Fabrication and sensitivity to external pressure,” IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. 6, 1476–82 (1988).
[Crossref]

Finazzi, V.

Gaeta, A. L.

Gattass, R.R.

L. Tong, R.R. Gattass, J.B. Ashcom, and S. He, GN Lou, M. Shen, I. Maxwell and E. Mazur, “Subwavelength-diameter silica wires for low-loss optical wave guiding,” Nature 426 (12), 816–819 (2003).

Ghosh, R.

Gonthier, F.

Hale, A.

Harbold, J. M.

He, S.

L. Tong, R.R. Gattass, J.B. Ashcom, and S. He, GN Lou, M. Shen, I. Maxwell and E. Mazur, “Subwavelength-diameter silica wires for low-loss optical wave guiding,” Nature 426 (12), 816–819 (2003).

Hill, K.O.

F. Bilodeau, K.O. Hill, S. Faucher, and D.C. Johnson, “Low-loss highly overcoupled couplers: Fabrication and sensitivity to external pressure,” IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. 6, 1476–82 (1988).
[Crossref]

Johnson, D.C.

F. Bilodeau, K.O. Hill, S. Faucher, and D.C. Johnson, “Low-loss highly overcoupled couplers: Fabrication and sensitivity to external pressure,” IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. 6, 1476–82 (1988).
[Crossref]

Kenny, R.P.

R.P. Kenny, T.A. Birks, and K.P. Oakley, “Control of optical fiber taper shape,” Electron. Lett. 27(18)1654–1656 (1991).
[Crossref]

Kerbage, C.

Khokhlov, A.V.

D.A. Akimov, M. Schmitt, R. Maksimenka, K.V. Dukel’skii, Y.N. Kondrat’ev, A.V. Khokhlov, V.S. Shevandin, W. Kiefer, and A.M. Zheltikov, “Supercontinuum generation in a multiple-submicron-core microstructure fiber: toward limiting waveguide enhancement of nonlinear-optical processes,” Appl. Phys. B 77, 299–305 (2003).
[Crossref]

Kiefer, W.

D.A. Akimov, M. Schmitt, R. Maksimenka, K.V. Dukel’skii, Y.N. Kondrat’ev, A.V. Khokhlov, V.S. Shevandin, W. Kiefer, and A.M. Zheltikov, “Supercontinuum generation in a multiple-submicron-core microstructure fiber: toward limiting waveguide enhancement of nonlinear-optical processes,” Appl. Phys. B 77, 299–305 (2003).
[Crossref]

Kondrat’ev, Y.N.

D.A. Akimov, M. Schmitt, R. Maksimenka, K.V. Dukel’skii, Y.N. Kondrat’ev, A.V. Khokhlov, V.S. Shevandin, W. Kiefer, and A.M. Zheltikov, “Supercontinuum generation in a multiple-submicron-core microstructure fiber: toward limiting waveguide enhancement of nonlinear-optical processes,” Appl. Phys. B 77, 299–305 (2003).
[Crossref]

Kosinski, S. G.

J. K. Chandalia, B. J. Eggleton, R. S. Windeler, S. G. Kosinski, X. Liu, and C. Xu, “Adiabatic coupling in tapered air—silica microstructured optical fiber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.,  13 (1), 52–54 (2001).
[Crossref]

Lacroix, S.

Leon-Saval, S.G.

S.G. Leon-Saval, T.A. Birks, W.J. Wadsworth, P. St.J. Russell, and M.W. Mason, “Efficient single-mode supercontinuum generation in submicron-diameter silica-air fibre waveguides,” postdeadline paper CPDA6, CLEO 2004.

Li, Y. W.

T. A. Birks and Y. W. Li, “The shape of fiber tapers,” IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. 10, 432–438 (1992).
[Crossref]

Liu, X.

J. K. Chandalia, B. J. Eggleton, R. S. Windeler, S. G. Kosinski, X. Liu, and C. Xu, “Adiabatic coupling in tapered air—silica microstructured optical fiber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.,  13 (1), 52–54 (2001).
[Crossref]

Lou, J.

Mägi, E. C.

E. C. Mägi, P. Steinvurzel, and B. J. Eggleton, “Tapered photonic crystal fibers,” Opt. Express 12, 776–784 (2004), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-5-776
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. C. Mägi, P. Steinvurzel, and B. J. Eggleton, “Transverse characterization of tapered photonic crystal fibers,” accepted J. Appl. Phys., 2004.
[Crossref]

Maksimenka, R.

D.A. Akimov, M. Schmitt, R. Maksimenka, K.V. Dukel’skii, Y.N. Kondrat’ev, A.V. Khokhlov, V.S. Shevandin, W. Kiefer, and A.M. Zheltikov, “Supercontinuum generation in a multiple-submicron-core microstructure fiber: toward limiting waveguide enhancement of nonlinear-optical processes,” Appl. Phys. B 77, 299–305 (2003).
[Crossref]

Mason, M.W.

S.G. Leon-Saval, T.A. Birks, W.J. Wadsworth, P. St.J. Russell, and M.W. Mason, “Efficient single-mode supercontinuum generation in submicron-diameter silica-air fibre waveguides,” postdeadline paper CPDA6, CLEO 2004.

Mazur, E.

Ö. Ilday, F.

Oakley, K.P.

R.P. Kenny, T.A. Birks, and K.P. Oakley, “Control of optical fiber taper shape,” Electron. Lett. 27(18)1654–1656 (1991).
[Crossref]

Ranka, J. K.

J. K. Ranka, R. S. Windeler, and A. J. Stentz, “Visible continuum generation in air silica microstructure optical fibers with anomalous dispersion at 800nm,” Opt. Lett. 25(1), 25–27 (2000).
[Crossref]

Richardson, D.J.

Russell, P. St. J.

T. A. Birks, W. J. Wadsworth, and P. St. J. Russell, “Supercontinuum generation in tapered fibers,” Opt. Lett.,  25(19), 1415–1417 (2000).
[Crossref]

Russell, P. St.J.

S.G. Leon-Saval, T.A. Birks, W.J. Wadsworth, P. St.J. Russell, and M.W. Mason, “Efficient single-mode supercontinuum generation in submicron-diameter silica-air fibre waveguides,” postdeadline paper CPDA6, CLEO 2004.

Schmitt, M.

D.A. Akimov, M. Schmitt, R. Maksimenka, K.V. Dukel’skii, Y.N. Kondrat’ev, A.V. Khokhlov, V.S. Shevandin, W. Kiefer, and A.M. Zheltikov, “Supercontinuum generation in a multiple-submicron-core microstructure fiber: toward limiting waveguide enhancement of nonlinear-optical processes,” Appl. Phys. B 77, 299–305 (2003).
[Crossref]

Shevandin, V.S.

D.A. Akimov, M. Schmitt, R. Maksimenka, K.V. Dukel’skii, Y.N. Kondrat’ev, A.V. Khokhlov, V.S. Shevandin, W. Kiefer, and A.M. Zheltikov, “Supercontinuum generation in a multiple-submicron-core microstructure fiber: toward limiting waveguide enhancement of nonlinear-optical processes,” Appl. Phys. B 77, 299–305 (2003).
[Crossref]

Stegeman, G. I.

Steinvurzel, P.

E. C. Mägi, P. Steinvurzel, and B. J. Eggleton, “Tapered photonic crystal fibers,” Opt. Express 12, 776–784 (2004), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-5-776
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. C. Mägi, P. Steinvurzel, and B. J. Eggleton, “Transverse characterization of tapered photonic crystal fibers,” accepted J. Appl. Phys., 2004.
[Crossref]

Stentz, A. J.

J. K. Ranka, R. S. Windeler, and A. J. Stentz, “Visible continuum generation in air silica microstructure optical fibers with anomalous dispersion at 800nm,” Opt. Lett. 25(1), 25–27 (2000).
[Crossref]

Tong, L.

L. Tong, J. Lou, and E. Mazur, “Single-mode guiding properties of subwavelength-diameter silica and silicon wire waveguides,” Opt. Express 12 (6), 1025–1035 (2003), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-6-1025
[Crossref]

L. Tong, R.R. Gattass, J.B. Ashcom, and S. He, GN Lou, M. Shen, I. Maxwell and E. Mazur, “Subwavelength-diameter silica wires for low-loss optical wave guiding,” Nature 426 (12), 816–819 (2003).

Villeneuve, A.

Wadsworth, W. J.

Wadsworth, W.J.

S.G. Leon-Saval, T.A. Birks, W.J. Wadsworth, P. St.J. Russell, and M.W. Mason, “Efficient single-mode supercontinuum generation in submicron-diameter silica-air fibre waveguides,” postdeadline paper CPDA6, CLEO 2004.

Westbrook, P. S.

Wigley, P. G. J.

Windeler, R. S.

B. J. Eggleton, C. Kerbage, P. S. Westbrook, R. S. Windeler, and A. Hale, “Microstructured optical fiber devices,” Opt. Express 9, 698–713 (2001), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-9-13-698.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. K. Chandalia, B. J. Eggleton, R. S. Windeler, S. G. Kosinski, X. Liu, and C. Xu, “Adiabatic coupling in tapered air—silica microstructured optical fiber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.,  13 (1), 52–54 (2001).
[Crossref]

J. K. Ranka, R. S. Windeler, and A. J. Stentz, “Visible continuum generation in air silica microstructure optical fibers with anomalous dispersion at 800nm,” Opt. Lett. 25(1), 25–27 (2000).
[Crossref]

Wise, F. W.

Xu, C.

J. K. Chandalia, B. J. Eggleton, R. S. Windeler, S. G. Kosinski, X. Liu, and C. Xu, “Adiabatic coupling in tapered air—silica microstructured optical fiber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.,  13 (1), 52–54 (2001).
[Crossref]

Zheltikov, A.M.

D.A. Akimov, M. Schmitt, R. Maksimenka, K.V. Dukel’skii, Y.N. Kondrat’ev, A.V. Khokhlov, V.S. Shevandin, W. Kiefer, and A.M. Zheltikov, “Supercontinuum generation in a multiple-submicron-core microstructure fiber: toward limiting waveguide enhancement of nonlinear-optical processes,” Appl. Phys. B 77, 299–305 (2003).
[Crossref]

Appl. Phys. B (1)

D.A. Akimov, M. Schmitt, R. Maksimenka, K.V. Dukel’skii, Y.N. Kondrat’ev, A.V. Khokhlov, V.S. Shevandin, W. Kiefer, and A.M. Zheltikov, “Supercontinuum generation in a multiple-submicron-core microstructure fiber: toward limiting waveguide enhancement of nonlinear-optical processes,” Appl. Phys. B 77, 299–305 (2003).
[Crossref]

Electron. Lett. (1)

R.P. Kenny, T.A. Birks, and K.P. Oakley, “Control of optical fiber taper shape,” Electron. Lett. 27(18)1654–1656 (1991).
[Crossref]

IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. (2)

F. Bilodeau, K.O. Hill, S. Faucher, and D.C. Johnson, “Low-loss highly overcoupled couplers: Fabrication and sensitivity to external pressure,” IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. 6, 1476–82 (1988).
[Crossref]

T. A. Birks and Y. W. Li, “The shape of fiber tapers,” IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. 10, 432–438 (1992).
[Crossref]

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. (1)

J. K. Chandalia, B. J. Eggleton, R. S. Windeler, S. G. Kosinski, X. Liu, and C. Xu, “Adiabatic coupling in tapered air—silica microstructured optical fiber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.,  13 (1), 52–54 (2001).
[Crossref]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. A (1)

Opt. Express (4)

Opt. Lett. (5)

Other (5)

L. Tong, R.R. Gattass, J.B. Ashcom, and S. He, GN Lou, M. Shen, I. Maxwell and E. Mazur, “Subwavelength-diameter silica wires for low-loss optical wave guiding,” Nature 426 (12), 816–819 (2003).

E. C. Mägi, P. Steinvurzel, and B. J. Eggleton, “Transverse characterization of tapered photonic crystal fibers,” accepted J. Appl. Phys., 2004.
[Crossref]

G.P. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics, 2nd ed. (Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1995).

http://www.crystal-fibre.com/Products/nonlinear/datasheets/NL-800_List.pdf

S.G. Leon-Saval, T.A. Birks, W.J. Wadsworth, P. St.J. Russell, and M.W. Mason, “Efficient single-mode supercontinuum generation in submicron-diameter silica-air fibre waveguides,” postdeadline paper CPDA6, CLEO 2004.

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Figures (7)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Schematic summarizing the MOF photonic wire concept. The guided mode of the untapered MOF with germanium core propagates through the taper into the single-moded embedded nanowire. A simulated mode profile for λ=1200 nm and outside nanowire diameter of 2.7 µm is shown. Inset: Scanning electron microscope image for such a photonic wire which retains its structure and proportions. The size of the embedded silica nanowire is 800 nm.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Setup for tapering and loss measurement using a broadband source (BBS) 1250′ 1700nm, and an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA). The mode matching between the SMF and the MOF allows for very low loss splice. Adiabatic tapering ensures single mode transmission for the whole spectral range, thus accurate loss measurement.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. SEM images of the fiber cross-section for outer diameters of a) 5.0 µm, b) 2.7 µm, c) 2.3 µm, and d) 1.5 µm.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Top. Simulation of the mode profiles intensity with the corresponding index profiles for (left) the MOF photonic wires, (centre) pure silica photonic wires and (right) silica nanowires corresponding to the inner core of the MOF photonic wire. The propagation regimes in dimensionless units of ratio outer diameter OD to wavelength λ are: (a) OD/λ=3.75 - the mode is confined to the inner core and isolated from the environment: (b) OD/λ=1.8 - a transition regime and (c) OD/λ=0.6 - where 70% of the intensity propagates outside the inner core compared to 25% for the pure silica photonic wire.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Increased loss of a 3.5 µm outside diameter MOF photonic wire as a function of wavelength when index-matching fluid (n=1.515) covers the device. The solid curve shows the theoretical loss in this device due to radiation, while the dots show the experimental results.

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Calculated effective nonlinearities for our MOF in normalized units of 2πλ2 /Aeff(silica) vs. OD/λ, where Aeff(silica) is the effective area of the mode which lies inside silica.

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Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. Group velocity dispersion for outer diameters of 750 nm, 1.5 µm, 2 µm, 2.5 µm and 3 µm. Very high normal GVD is obtained in the transition from the embedded nanowire regime to the evanescent regime and zero dispersion can be obtained at Ti-sapphire wavelengths for a 2.5 µm MOF photonic wire.

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Equations (1)

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A eff ( silica ) = ( ∬ E 2 d y d x ) 2 ∬ s ( x , y ) E 4 d y d x

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