Expand this Topic clickable element to expand a topic
Skip to content
Optica Publishing Group
Journal Home About Issues in Progress Current Issue All Issues Feature Issues

En-face optical coherence tomography - a novel application of non-invasive imaging to art conservation

Haida Liang, Marta Gomez Cid, R. G. Cucu, G. M. Dobre, A. Gh. Podoleanu, Justin Pedro, and David Saunders

Open Access Open Access

Abstract

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is an optical interferometric technique developed mainly for in vivo imaging of the eye and biological tissues. In this paper, we demonstrate the potential of OCT for non-invasive examination of museum paintings. Two en-face scanning OCT systems operating at 850 nm and 1300 nm were used to produce B-scan and C-scan images at typical working distances of 2 cm. The 3D images produced by the OCT systems show not only the structure of the varnish layer but also the paint layers and underdrawings (preparatory drawings under the paint layers). The highest ever resolution and dynamic range images of underdrawings are presented and for the first time it is possible to find out non-invasively on which layer the underdrawings were drawn.

©2005 Optical Society of America

Full Article  |  PDF Article
More Like This
Comparison of three-dimensional optical coherence tomography and high resolution photography for art conservation studies

Desmond C. Adler, Jens Stenger, Iwona Gorczynska, Henry Lie, Teri Hensick, Ron Spronk, Stephan Wolohojian, Narayan Khandekar, James Y. Jiang, Scott Barry, Alex E. Cable, Robert Huber, and James G. Fujimoto
Opt. Express 15(24) 15972-15986 (2007)

Optical coherence tomography and non-linear microscopy for paintings – a study of the complementary capabilities and laser degradation effects

Haida Liang, Meropi Mari, Chi Shing Cheung, Sotiria Kogou, Phillip Johnson, and George Filippidis
Opt. Express 25(16) 19640-19653 (2017)

Ultra-high resolution Fourier domain optical coherence tomography for old master paintings

C. S. Cheung, M. Spring, and H. Liang
Opt. Express 23(8) 10145-10157 (2015)

View More...

References

  • View by:
  • Article Order
  • Year
  • Author
  • Publication
  1. N. Khandekar, “Preparation of cross-sections from easel paintings,” Reviews in Conservation 4, 52–64 (2003).
  2. A. Byrne, “The structure beneath,” in The articulate surface: dialogues on paintings between conservators, curators and art historians, Humanities Research Centre monograph series, No. 10. S. Wallace, J. Macnaughtan, and J. Parvey, ed. (Australian National University. Humanities Research Centre, 1996).
  3. J. Padfield, D. Saunders, J. Cupitt, and R. Atkinson, “Improvements in the acquisition and processing of X-ray images of paintings,” The National Gallery Technical Bulletin 23, 62–75 (2002).
  4. J.R.J van Asperen de Boer, “Reflectography of paintings using an infra-red vidicon television system,” Studies in Conservation 14, 96–118 (1969).
    [Crossref]
  5. D. Bertani, M. Cetica, and G. Molesini, “Holographic tests on the Ghiberti panel, The Life of Joseph,” Studies in Conservation 27, 61–64 (1982).
    [Crossref]
  6. D. Paoletti and G. Schirripa Spagnolo, “Automated digital speckle pattern interferometry contouring in artwork surface inspection,” Opt. Eng. 32, 1348–1353 (1993).
    [Crossref]
  7. C. R. T. Young and R. Hibberd, “The role of attachments in the degradation and strain distribution of canvas paintings,” in Traditions and Innovation: Advances in Conservation, (International Institute of Conservation Melbourne Congress October2000), pp212–220
  8. D. Ambrosini and D. Paoletti, “Holographic and speckle methods for the analysis of panel paintings. Developments since the early 1970s,” Reviews in Conservation 5, 38–48 (2005).
  9. K. Polikreti, A. Othonos, and C. Christofides, “Optical characterization of varnish films by spectroscopic ellipsometry for application in artwork conservation,” Appl. Spectrosc. 59, 69–74 (2005).
    [Crossref]
  10. R. M. A. Azzam and N. M. Bashara, Ellipsometry and Polarized light, (Amsterdam: North Holland, 1977).
  11. P. Boher and J. L. Stehle, “Atomic scale characterization of semiconductors by in-situ real time spectroscopic ellipsometry,” Thin Solid Film 318, 120–133 (1998).
    [Crossref]
  12. R. Rajadhyaksha, R. Anderson, and R. Webb, “Video-rate confocal scanning laser microscope for imaging human tissues in vivo,” Appl. Opt. 38, 2105–2115 (1999).
    [Crossref]
  13. M.-L. Yang, C.-W. Lu, I.-J. Hsu, and C. C. Yang, “The use of optical coherence tomography for monitoring the subsurface morphologies of archaic jades,” Archaeometry 46, 171–182 (2004).
    [Crossref]
  14. H. Liang, M. Gomez Cid, R. Cucu, G. Dobre, D. Jackson, C. Pannell, J. Pedro, D. Saunders, and A. Podoleanu, “Application of OCT to examination of easel paintings,” Second European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors, Proc. SPIE 5502, 378–381 (2004).
    [Crossref]
  15. P. Targowski, B. Rouba, M. Wojtkowski, and A. Kowalczyk, “The application of optical coherence tomography to non-destructive examination of museum objects,” Studies in Conservation 49, 107–114 (2004).
  16. D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science,  254, 1178–1181 (1991).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  17. W. Drexler, “Ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.,  9, 47–74 (2004).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  18. A. Gh. Podoleanu, M. Seeger, G. M. Dobre, D. J. Webb, D. A. Jackson, and F. Fitzke “Transversal and longitudinal images from the retina of the living eye using low coherence reflectometry,” J. Biomed. Opt.,  3, 12- (1998).
    [Crossref]
  19. A. Gh. Podoleanu, J. A. Rogers, D. A. Jackson, and S. Dunne, “Three dimensional OCT images from retina and skin,” Opt. Express,  7, 292–298, (2000).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  20. B. R. Masters, “Three-dimensional confocal microscopy of the human optic nerve in vivo,” Opt. Express,  3, 356–359 (1998).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  21. A. Gh. Podoleanu, G. M. Dobre, D. J. Webb, and D. A. Jackson, “Coherence imaging by use of a Newton rings sampling function,” Opt. Lett.,  21, 1789–1791, 1996.
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  22. J. H. Townsend, “The Refractive Index of 19th-Century Paint Media: A Preliminary Study,” ICOM Committee for Conservation, Working Group 16, Vol. II, 586, 1993.

2005 (2)

D. Ambrosini and D. Paoletti, “Holographic and speckle methods for the analysis of panel paintings. Developments since the early 1970s,” Reviews in Conservation 5, 38–48 (2005).

K. Polikreti, A. Othonos, and C. Christofides, “Optical characterization of varnish films by spectroscopic ellipsometry for application in artwork conservation,” Appl. Spectrosc. 59, 69–74 (2005).
[Crossref]

2004 (4)

W. Drexler, “Ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.,  9, 47–74 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M.-L. Yang, C.-W. Lu, I.-J. Hsu, and C. C. Yang, “The use of optical coherence tomography for monitoring the subsurface morphologies of archaic jades,” Archaeometry 46, 171–182 (2004).
[Crossref]

H. Liang, M. Gomez Cid, R. Cucu, G. Dobre, D. Jackson, C. Pannell, J. Pedro, D. Saunders, and A. Podoleanu, “Application of OCT to examination of easel paintings,” Second European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors, Proc. SPIE 5502, 378–381 (2004).
[Crossref]

P. Targowski, B. Rouba, M. Wojtkowski, and A. Kowalczyk, “The application of optical coherence tomography to non-destructive examination of museum objects,” Studies in Conservation 49, 107–114 (2004).

2003 (1)

N. Khandekar, “Preparation of cross-sections from easel paintings,” Reviews in Conservation 4, 52–64 (2003).

2002 (1)

J. Padfield, D. Saunders, J. Cupitt, and R. Atkinson, “Improvements in the acquisition and processing of X-ray images of paintings,” The National Gallery Technical Bulletin 23, 62–75 (2002).

2000 (1)

1999 (1)

1998 (3)

B. R. Masters, “Three-dimensional confocal microscopy of the human optic nerve in vivo,” Opt. Express,  3, 356–359 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Gh. Podoleanu, M. Seeger, G. M. Dobre, D. J. Webb, D. A. Jackson, and F. Fitzke “Transversal and longitudinal images from the retina of the living eye using low coherence reflectometry,” J. Biomed. Opt.,  3, 12- (1998).
[Crossref]

P. Boher and J. L. Stehle, “Atomic scale characterization of semiconductors by in-situ real time spectroscopic ellipsometry,” Thin Solid Film 318, 120–133 (1998).
[Crossref]

1996 (1)

1993 (1)

D. Paoletti and G. Schirripa Spagnolo, “Automated digital speckle pattern interferometry contouring in artwork surface inspection,” Opt. Eng. 32, 1348–1353 (1993).
[Crossref]

1991 (1)

D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science,  254, 1178–1181 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1982 (1)

D. Bertani, M. Cetica, and G. Molesini, “Holographic tests on the Ghiberti panel, The Life of Joseph,” Studies in Conservation 27, 61–64 (1982).
[Crossref]

1969 (1)

J.R.J van Asperen de Boer, “Reflectography of paintings using an infra-red vidicon television system,” Studies in Conservation 14, 96–118 (1969).
[Crossref]

Ambrosini, D.

D. Ambrosini and D. Paoletti, “Holographic and speckle methods for the analysis of panel paintings. Developments since the early 1970s,” Reviews in Conservation 5, 38–48 (2005).

Anderson, R.

Atkinson, R.

J. Padfield, D. Saunders, J. Cupitt, and R. Atkinson, “Improvements in the acquisition and processing of X-ray images of paintings,” The National Gallery Technical Bulletin 23, 62–75 (2002).

Azzam, R. M. A.

R. M. A. Azzam and N. M. Bashara, Ellipsometry and Polarized light, (Amsterdam: North Holland, 1977).

Bashara, N. M.

R. M. A. Azzam and N. M. Bashara, Ellipsometry and Polarized light, (Amsterdam: North Holland, 1977).

Bertani, D.

D. Bertani, M. Cetica, and G. Molesini, “Holographic tests on the Ghiberti panel, The Life of Joseph,” Studies in Conservation 27, 61–64 (1982).
[Crossref]

Boher, P.

P. Boher and J. L. Stehle, “Atomic scale characterization of semiconductors by in-situ real time spectroscopic ellipsometry,” Thin Solid Film 318, 120–133 (1998).
[Crossref]

Byrne, A.

A. Byrne, “The structure beneath,” in The articulate surface: dialogues on paintings between conservators, curators and art historians, Humanities Research Centre monograph series, No. 10. S. Wallace, J. Macnaughtan, and J. Parvey, ed. (Australian National University. Humanities Research Centre, 1996).

Cetica, M.

D. Bertani, M. Cetica, and G. Molesini, “Holographic tests on the Ghiberti panel, The Life of Joseph,” Studies in Conservation 27, 61–64 (1982).
[Crossref]

Chang, W.

D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science,  254, 1178–1181 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Christofides, C.

Cid, M. Gomez

H. Liang, M. Gomez Cid, R. Cucu, G. Dobre, D. Jackson, C. Pannell, J. Pedro, D. Saunders, and A. Podoleanu, “Application of OCT to examination of easel paintings,” Second European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors, Proc. SPIE 5502, 378–381 (2004).
[Crossref]

Cucu, R.

H. Liang, M. Gomez Cid, R. Cucu, G. Dobre, D. Jackson, C. Pannell, J. Pedro, D. Saunders, and A. Podoleanu, “Application of OCT to examination of easel paintings,” Second European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors, Proc. SPIE 5502, 378–381 (2004).
[Crossref]

Cupitt, J.

J. Padfield, D. Saunders, J. Cupitt, and R. Atkinson, “Improvements in the acquisition and processing of X-ray images of paintings,” The National Gallery Technical Bulletin 23, 62–75 (2002).

de Boer, J.R.J van Asperen

J.R.J van Asperen de Boer, “Reflectography of paintings using an infra-red vidicon television system,” Studies in Conservation 14, 96–118 (1969).
[Crossref]

Dobre, G.

H. Liang, M. Gomez Cid, R. Cucu, G. Dobre, D. Jackson, C. Pannell, J. Pedro, D. Saunders, and A. Podoleanu, “Application of OCT to examination of easel paintings,” Second European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors, Proc. SPIE 5502, 378–381 (2004).
[Crossref]

Dobre, G. M.

A. Gh. Podoleanu, M. Seeger, G. M. Dobre, D. J. Webb, D. A. Jackson, and F. Fitzke “Transversal and longitudinal images from the retina of the living eye using low coherence reflectometry,” J. Biomed. Opt.,  3, 12- (1998).
[Crossref]

A. Gh. Podoleanu, G. M. Dobre, D. J. Webb, and D. A. Jackson, “Coherence imaging by use of a Newton rings sampling function,” Opt. Lett.,  21, 1789–1791, 1996.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Drexler, W.

W. Drexler, “Ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.,  9, 47–74 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Dunne, S.

Fitzke, F.

A. Gh. Podoleanu, M. Seeger, G. M. Dobre, D. J. Webb, D. A. Jackson, and F. Fitzke “Transversal and longitudinal images from the retina of the living eye using low coherence reflectometry,” J. Biomed. Opt.,  3, 12- (1998).
[Crossref]

Flotte, T.

D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science,  254, 1178–1181 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fujimoto, J. G.

D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science,  254, 1178–1181 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gregory, K.

D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science,  254, 1178–1181 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hee, M. R.

D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science,  254, 1178–1181 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hibberd, R.

C. R. T. Young and R. Hibberd, “The role of attachments in the degradation and strain distribution of canvas paintings,” in Traditions and Innovation: Advances in Conservation, (International Institute of Conservation Melbourne Congress October2000), pp212–220

Hsu, I.-J.

M.-L. Yang, C.-W. Lu, I.-J. Hsu, and C. C. Yang, “The use of optical coherence tomography for monitoring the subsurface morphologies of archaic jades,” Archaeometry 46, 171–182 (2004).
[Crossref]

Huang, D.

D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science,  254, 1178–1181 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Jackson, D.

H. Liang, M. Gomez Cid, R. Cucu, G. Dobre, D. Jackson, C. Pannell, J. Pedro, D. Saunders, and A. Podoleanu, “Application of OCT to examination of easel paintings,” Second European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors, Proc. SPIE 5502, 378–381 (2004).
[Crossref]

Jackson, D. A.

Khandekar, N.

N. Khandekar, “Preparation of cross-sections from easel paintings,” Reviews in Conservation 4, 52–64 (2003).

Kowalczyk, A.

P. Targowski, B. Rouba, M. Wojtkowski, and A. Kowalczyk, “The application of optical coherence tomography to non-destructive examination of museum objects,” Studies in Conservation 49, 107–114 (2004).

Liang, H.

H. Liang, M. Gomez Cid, R. Cucu, G. Dobre, D. Jackson, C. Pannell, J. Pedro, D. Saunders, and A. Podoleanu, “Application of OCT to examination of easel paintings,” Second European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors, Proc. SPIE 5502, 378–381 (2004).
[Crossref]

Lin, C. P.

D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science,  254, 1178–1181 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lu, C.-W.

M.-L. Yang, C.-W. Lu, I.-J. Hsu, and C. C. Yang, “The use of optical coherence tomography for monitoring the subsurface morphologies of archaic jades,” Archaeometry 46, 171–182 (2004).
[Crossref]

Masters, B. R.

Molesini, G.

D. Bertani, M. Cetica, and G. Molesini, “Holographic tests on the Ghiberti panel, The Life of Joseph,” Studies in Conservation 27, 61–64 (1982).
[Crossref]

Othonos, A.

Padfield, J.

J. Padfield, D. Saunders, J. Cupitt, and R. Atkinson, “Improvements in the acquisition and processing of X-ray images of paintings,” The National Gallery Technical Bulletin 23, 62–75 (2002).

Pannell, C.

H. Liang, M. Gomez Cid, R. Cucu, G. Dobre, D. Jackson, C. Pannell, J. Pedro, D. Saunders, and A. Podoleanu, “Application of OCT to examination of easel paintings,” Second European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors, Proc. SPIE 5502, 378–381 (2004).
[Crossref]

Paoletti, D.

D. Ambrosini and D. Paoletti, “Holographic and speckle methods for the analysis of panel paintings. Developments since the early 1970s,” Reviews in Conservation 5, 38–48 (2005).

D. Paoletti and G. Schirripa Spagnolo, “Automated digital speckle pattern interferometry contouring in artwork surface inspection,” Opt. Eng. 32, 1348–1353 (1993).
[Crossref]

Pedro, J.

H. Liang, M. Gomez Cid, R. Cucu, G. Dobre, D. Jackson, C. Pannell, J. Pedro, D. Saunders, and A. Podoleanu, “Application of OCT to examination of easel paintings,” Second European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors, Proc. SPIE 5502, 378–381 (2004).
[Crossref]

Podoleanu, A.

H. Liang, M. Gomez Cid, R. Cucu, G. Dobre, D. Jackson, C. Pannell, J. Pedro, D. Saunders, and A. Podoleanu, “Application of OCT to examination of easel paintings,” Second European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors, Proc. SPIE 5502, 378–381 (2004).
[Crossref]

Podoleanu, A. Gh.

Polikreti, K.

Puliafito, C. A.

D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science,  254, 1178–1181 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Rajadhyaksha, R.

Rogers, J. A.

Rouba, B.

P. Targowski, B. Rouba, M. Wojtkowski, and A. Kowalczyk, “The application of optical coherence tomography to non-destructive examination of museum objects,” Studies in Conservation 49, 107–114 (2004).

Saunders, D.

H. Liang, M. Gomez Cid, R. Cucu, G. Dobre, D. Jackson, C. Pannell, J. Pedro, D. Saunders, and A. Podoleanu, “Application of OCT to examination of easel paintings,” Second European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors, Proc. SPIE 5502, 378–381 (2004).
[Crossref]

J. Padfield, D. Saunders, J. Cupitt, and R. Atkinson, “Improvements in the acquisition and processing of X-ray images of paintings,” The National Gallery Technical Bulletin 23, 62–75 (2002).

Schuman, J. S.

D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science,  254, 1178–1181 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Seeger, M.

A. Gh. Podoleanu, M. Seeger, G. M. Dobre, D. J. Webb, D. A. Jackson, and F. Fitzke “Transversal and longitudinal images from the retina of the living eye using low coherence reflectometry,” J. Biomed. Opt.,  3, 12- (1998).
[Crossref]

Spagnolo, G. Schirripa

D. Paoletti and G. Schirripa Spagnolo, “Automated digital speckle pattern interferometry contouring in artwork surface inspection,” Opt. Eng. 32, 1348–1353 (1993).
[Crossref]

Stehle, J. L.

P. Boher and J. L. Stehle, “Atomic scale characterization of semiconductors by in-situ real time spectroscopic ellipsometry,” Thin Solid Film 318, 120–133 (1998).
[Crossref]

Stinson, W. G.

D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science,  254, 1178–1181 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Swanson, E. A.

D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science,  254, 1178–1181 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Targowski, P.

P. Targowski, B. Rouba, M. Wojtkowski, and A. Kowalczyk, “The application of optical coherence tomography to non-destructive examination of museum objects,” Studies in Conservation 49, 107–114 (2004).

Townsend, J. H.

J. H. Townsend, “The Refractive Index of 19th-Century Paint Media: A Preliminary Study,” ICOM Committee for Conservation, Working Group 16, Vol. II, 586, 1993.

Webb, D. J.

A. Gh. Podoleanu, M. Seeger, G. M. Dobre, D. J. Webb, D. A. Jackson, and F. Fitzke “Transversal and longitudinal images from the retina of the living eye using low coherence reflectometry,” J. Biomed. Opt.,  3, 12- (1998).
[Crossref]

A. Gh. Podoleanu, G. M. Dobre, D. J. Webb, and D. A. Jackson, “Coherence imaging by use of a Newton rings sampling function,” Opt. Lett.,  21, 1789–1791, 1996.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Webb, R.

Wojtkowski, M.

P. Targowski, B. Rouba, M. Wojtkowski, and A. Kowalczyk, “The application of optical coherence tomography to non-destructive examination of museum objects,” Studies in Conservation 49, 107–114 (2004).

Yang, C. C.

M.-L. Yang, C.-W. Lu, I.-J. Hsu, and C. C. Yang, “The use of optical coherence tomography for monitoring the subsurface morphologies of archaic jades,” Archaeometry 46, 171–182 (2004).
[Crossref]

Yang, M.-L.

M.-L. Yang, C.-W. Lu, I.-J. Hsu, and C. C. Yang, “The use of optical coherence tomography for monitoring the subsurface morphologies of archaic jades,” Archaeometry 46, 171–182 (2004).
[Crossref]

Young, C. R. T.

C. R. T. Young and R. Hibberd, “The role of attachments in the degradation and strain distribution of canvas paintings,” in Traditions and Innovation: Advances in Conservation, (International Institute of Conservation Melbourne Congress October2000), pp212–220

Appl. Opt. (1)

Appl. Spectrosc. (1)

Archaeometry (1)

M.-L. Yang, C.-W. Lu, I.-J. Hsu, and C. C. Yang, “The use of optical coherence tomography for monitoring the subsurface morphologies of archaic jades,” Archaeometry 46, 171–182 (2004).
[Crossref]

J. Biomed. Opt. (2)

W. Drexler, “Ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.,  9, 47–74 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Gh. Podoleanu, M. Seeger, G. M. Dobre, D. J. Webb, D. A. Jackson, and F. Fitzke “Transversal and longitudinal images from the retina of the living eye using low coherence reflectometry,” J. Biomed. Opt.,  3, 12- (1998).
[Crossref]

Opt. Eng. (1)

D. Paoletti and G. Schirripa Spagnolo, “Automated digital speckle pattern interferometry contouring in artwork surface inspection,” Opt. Eng. 32, 1348–1353 (1993).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (2)

Opt. Lett. (1)

Proc. SPIE (1)

H. Liang, M. Gomez Cid, R. Cucu, G. Dobre, D. Jackson, C. Pannell, J. Pedro, D. Saunders, and A. Podoleanu, “Application of OCT to examination of easel paintings,” Second European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors, Proc. SPIE 5502, 378–381 (2004).
[Crossref]

Reviews in Conservation (2)

D. Ambrosini and D. Paoletti, “Holographic and speckle methods for the analysis of panel paintings. Developments since the early 1970s,” Reviews in Conservation 5, 38–48 (2005).

N. Khandekar, “Preparation of cross-sections from easel paintings,” Reviews in Conservation 4, 52–64 (2003).

Science (1)

D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science,  254, 1178–1181 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Studies in Conservation (3)

P. Targowski, B. Rouba, M. Wojtkowski, and A. Kowalczyk, “The application of optical coherence tomography to non-destructive examination of museum objects,” Studies in Conservation 49, 107–114 (2004).

J.R.J van Asperen de Boer, “Reflectography of paintings using an infra-red vidicon television system,” Studies in Conservation 14, 96–118 (1969).
[Crossref]

D. Bertani, M. Cetica, and G. Molesini, “Holographic tests on the Ghiberti panel, The Life of Joseph,” Studies in Conservation 27, 61–64 (1982).
[Crossref]

The National Gallery Technical Bulletin (1)

J. Padfield, D. Saunders, J. Cupitt, and R. Atkinson, “Improvements in the acquisition and processing of X-ray images of paintings,” The National Gallery Technical Bulletin 23, 62–75 (2002).

Thin Solid Film (1)

P. Boher and J. L. Stehle, “Atomic scale characterization of semiconductors by in-situ real time spectroscopic ellipsometry,” Thin Solid Film 318, 120–133 (1998).
[Crossref]

Other (4)

R. M. A. Azzam and N. M. Bashara, Ellipsometry and Polarized light, (Amsterdam: North Holland, 1977).

C. R. T. Young and R. Hibberd, “The role of attachments in the degradation and strain distribution of canvas paintings,” in Traditions and Innovation: Advances in Conservation, (International Institute of Conservation Melbourne Congress October2000), pp212–220

A. Byrne, “The structure beneath,” in The articulate surface: dialogues on paintings between conservators, curators and art historians, Humanities Research Centre monograph series, No. 10. S. Wallace, J. Macnaughtan, and J. Parvey, ed. (Australian National University. Humanities Research Centre, 1996).

J. H. Townsend, “The Refractive Index of 19th-Century Paint Media: A Preliminary Study,” ICOM Committee for Conservation, Working Group 16, Vol. II, 586, 1993.

Supplementary Material (1)

Media 1: MOV (2524 KB)     

Cited By

Optica participates in Crossref's Cited-By Linking service. Citing articles from Optica Publishing Group journals and other participating publishers are listed here.

Alert me when this article is cited.


Figures (8)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Optical coherence tomography system architecture for the examination of paintings. SLD = superluminescent diode, IMG = index matching gel

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. A 1300nm OCT image of a mastic varnish layer (on a piece of glass) dating from 1952; the varnish/air and varnish/glass interfaces are clearly delineated. The third (faint) interface is a ghost image or the result of multiple reflections between the varnish/air and varnish/glass interface. The vertical scale represents depth measured in air.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. (a) Sample board of yellow ochre and smalt on a ground layer of chalk and rabbit skin glue. One third of the sample has three coats of dammar varnish applied, and another one third of the painting has 3 coats of mastic varnish applied, leaving the central part of the sample unvarnished; (b) 1300nm OCT image of a cross-section across the yellow ochre/smalt boundary (scan in the middle of the panel; c-d) 850nm OCT images of cross-sections on the yellow ochre/smalt boundary (scan along the bottom line segment) and in the smalt area (scan along the top line segment). The vertical scale represents depth measured in air.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. (a) A 50-year-old test painting: Point A is covered with the original varnish, which is now yellowed; Point B has the old varnish removed and new varnish applied; Point C is unvarnished; Point D is the boundary between regions where there is just one layer of old varnish and regions where a layer of new varnish was applied on top of the old varnish. (b-d) 1300nm OCT image of Point B, C and D. (e) 850nm OCT cross-section at Point A; The vertical scale represents depth measured in air.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. (a) An 18th century panel painting; (b) a cross-section image of a scan along the top line-segment marked on the painting; (c) A cross-section image of along the lower line-segment on the painting. Both images were obtained with 1300 nm system.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. (a) Color images of two painted patch over underdrawings: the top patch has two layers of lead-tin-yellow paint over underdrawings drawn with a quill pen using an ink of bone black in gum; the bottom patch has a mixture of lead white, azurite, bone black painted over a black chalk underdrawing; (b) the corresponding near infrared Vidicon images; (c) the corresponding near infrared images taken with a InGaAs camera; (d) the corresponding 1300 nm OCT images taken at the depth of the underdrawings. The size of the images are ~ 1 cm by 1 cm.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. (a) Color image of a painted panel: the lower part is painted with an imprimatura (a translucent paint layer) on top of the underdrawing which is painted on a preparatory ground layer, the upper half has an additional paint layer above the imprimatura; (b) average of the top four en-face images collected with the 1300 nm system, i.e. 0–100 μm; (c) average of the next four en-face images (100–200 μm); (d) average of the next seven en-face images (200–375μm); (e) average of the next seven images (375–550μm); f) B-scan image in the white area of the panel showing the underdrawing below the first layer of paint (imprimatura); g) B-scan image in the blue area of the panel showing the underdrawing below two layers of paint.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. (2.5 MB movie) Volume rendering of the square area indicated on Fig. 3(a) of the test panel painted with smalt and yellow ochre. The scales are 1 mm in depth and 1 cm in the other two dimensions.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Metrics

Select as filters
Select Topics Cancel
Top
       
© Copyright 2022 | Optica Publishing Group. All Rights Reserved
Privacy | Terms of Use