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A facile and simple route to manufacture active surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate based on Ag-decorated Cu2O micro/nanospheres on Cu foil was systematically investigated. Hierarchical Cu2O micro/nanostructure transfers from CuO nanosheets and Cu(OH)2 nanowires by means of thermally reducing the oxides from Cu2+ to Cu1+ at temperature of 500 °Cunder nitrogen atmosphere. The subsequent decoration of Ag on Cu2O nanostructural substrate was carried out by means of thermal evaporator deposition. Using 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) as probing molecules, the SERS experiments showed that the Ag-decorated Cu2O micro/nanospheres exhibit excellent detecting performance, which could be used as effective SERS substrate for ultrasensitive detection. Additionally, these novel hierarchical SERS substrates showed good reproducibility and a linear dependence between analyte concentrations and intensities, revealing the advantage of this method for easily scale-up production.
© 2014 Optical Society of America
1. Introduction
Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has drew considerable interest since its discovery and highlighted in the area of biomedicine, physics, environmental monitoring, analytical chemistry, etc. This is due to the highly enhanced vibrational signals, low detection requirements, and good selectivity for adsorbates [1–3]. In the early days, SERS-active substrates were restricted primarily to noble metals (Ag, Au, and Cu) and the transition metals (Pt, Pd, Ru, Rh, Fe, Co, and Ni) rough surfaces with the enhancement factor of 106-1011 [4–6]. The reason is mainly attributed to the electromagnetic mechanism (EM), which involves the surface plasmon resonance on the metal surface under the excitation of an incident laser, and then leads to a local electromagnetic field enhancement resulted in the enhancement of Raman signal of the adsorbed analytes. In addition to the EM there is also a sample dependent “chemical” enhancement mechanism that may arise due to charge transfer (CT) interactions with the metal. Recently, it has been further found that various semiconductor nanoparticles such as NiO, ZnO, TiO2, and Cu2O can also directly generate weak SERS activity with typical prominent enhancement factors ranging from 101 to 104 [7–10]. The enhancement originated from those nanostructures is proposed to be associated with the CT processes between the adsorbed analytes and the substrate. Although the semiconductor nanomaterials exhibit low enhanced Raman signal of the adsorbed analytes, the incorporation of noble metal into semiconductor nanomaterials is highly expected to produce an active and low-cost SERS substrate in comparison with noble metal substrates. Unfortunately, the study on this synergetic contribution from incorporated noble metal and semiconductor in hybrid nanocomposites for SERS is still relatively rare.
Cuprous oxide (Cu2O), which has a direct bandgap of 2.1 eV, exhibits great potential for solar energy conversion catalysis, batteries, magnetic storage media, gas sensing, and field emission [11–13]. The SERS capability of Cu2O was first proposed by Dolata and associates [14]. Historically one of the main objectives for improving SERS activity has been to fabricate a nanostructural substrate that can provide numerous sites of strong field enhancement, so called hot spots. Hence, various morphologies of Cu2O such as nanowires, nanospheres, nanodendrites, and microcrystals were intensively investigated for SERS [15–18]. However, in fact, the novel Cu2O micro/nanospheres with dense hot spots are the one of the best candidate for enhancing the SERS activity, but there is no report on this hierarchical nanoarchitecture. Especially, study of the synergetic effect from incorporated Ag in Cu2O micro/nanospheres as active SERS substrate is still lacking. In this study, a facile and simple route to produce the hierarchical Cu2O micro/nanospheres with the decoration of silver was proposed as highly effective SERS substrate. Moreover, our results provide a new opportunity to use SERS to explore the molecule-metal-semiconductor interaction, a fundamental but essential question for designing novel devices.
2. Experimental
Cu2O nanostructural films on copper foil were fabricated via the thermal transformation of lotus-like CuO/Cu(OH)2 nanosheets/nanowires templates, which were synthesized through a chemical oxidation process shown in Fig. 1. First, the flower-like CuO and Cu(OH)2 nanowire arrays on copper foil were prepared, 50 mL aqueous solution of 2.5 M NaOH and 0.125 M (NH4)2S2O8 was prepared in a 100 mL glass bottle. A piece of copper foil, which had been ultrasonically cleaned in acetone and subsequently in de-ionized water, was immersed in the solution. A few minutes later, a faint blue color appeared on surface of the copper foil, and the initially colorless solution became increasingly blue. In 10 min., a light-blue film covered the foil. After 30 min., when the color of the film had become dark blue, the copper foil was extracted from the solution, rinsed with water and ethanol, and dried in air. Afterward, the samples were thermally treated at 500 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere for 4 h. The deposition of silver at 100 nm on the annealed samples was carried out by thermal evaporation. The deposition rate was kept at 0.1 nm/s throughout the deposition process. Following the evaporation process, all the samples were respectively immersed in various concentrations of 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) solution for adsorption. After at least 3 hours, the samples were removed from the solution and rinsed with distilled water five times.
The morphology of hierarchical Cu2O nanostructural films were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, JEM-4000EX), and the structure of the samples were analyzed using X-ray diffractometer (XRD, Bruker D8 Advance diffractometer) with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.1506 nm). Raman spectra were measured using a LabRAM HR 550 system equipped with a thermoelectric-cooled CCD multi-channel detector with accuracy better than 1 cm−1 and a 50x objective. The He-Ne laser emitting at a wavelength of 632.8 nm and a power of 5 mW was used as the source of excitation. Data were acquired with only 5 s accumulation for 4-ATP on the bare Cu2O film and the Cu2O thin films covered with a 100 nm layer of Ag.
3. Results and discussion
Figure 2(a) shows the hierarchical structures of CuO and Cu(OH)2 formed by chemical oxidation on a copper substrate. The flower-like microspheres of CuO have a uniform diameter of 2-5 μm, and the thickness of the flower petals are approximately 50-100 nm. Arrays of Cu(OH)2 nanowires of approximately 100 nm in diameter are seemingly formed under the microflowers; in other words, the microflowers are standing on the nanowire arrays, in a configuration similar to a lotus leaf. The morphological change of the sample after thermal treatment at 500 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere is displayed in Fig. 2(b). At an annealing temperature of 500 °C for 4 h, the top portion of nanowires merge with the microflowers, transforming the shape into aggregated microspheres with a diameter of around 2 μm; the bottom of the nanowires turn into nanospheres with a diameter of around 300 nm on the copper foil, supporting the clustered microspheres. This morphological evolution could be ascribed to the deoxidization process of CuO. Thus, the conversion of lotus-like nanostructures into hierarchical micro- and nanospheres was obtained by thermal reduction route. Finally, the silver deposited Cu2O micro/nanospheres film by thermal evaporation process is shown in Fig. 2(c). Obviously, the surface of Cu2O nanostructure becomes rough after silver deposition. The EDS spectra (Fig. 2(d)) clearly showed that the hierarchical composite arrays were composed of micro/nanospherical Cu2O and Ag. The elemental composition ratios of Cu to O approximated 2 that can confirm the formation of Cu2O by thermal reduction process. Furthermore, the detection of Ag signal with the Cu/Ag elemental composition ratio of around 3 indicates that the decoration of Ag on the Cu2O surface was carried out.
Fig. 2 (a) FESEM image of flower-like CuO standing on Cu(OH)2 nanowires. FESEM image of (b) bare and (c) Ag-decorated Cu2O micro/nanospheres film. (d) EDS of Ag-decorated Cu2O micro/nano-spheres film.
The crystal phases of the samples after chemical oxidation, subsequent thermal reduction, and then silver deposition were determined using powder XRD, as shown in Fig. 3. The XRD pattern of the copper foil is also displayed for comparison. After chemical oxidation, the XRD pattern of the lotus-like microflowers/nanowire sample shows diffraction peaks indexed to the monoclinic-phase of CuO (JCPDS card No. 80-0076, marked with squares) along with peaks from the copper substrate (marked with asterisks) and the orthorhombic phase of Cu(OH)2 (JCPDS card No. 72-0140, marked with circles). At the annealing temperature of 500 °C for 4 h, no CuO and Cu(OH)2 phases detected; meanwhile, the strong diffraction peaks indexed to cubic-phase Cu2O (JCPDS card No. 78-2076, marked with triangles) appear along with those of the copper substrate, marked with asterisks. This reveals the transformation of wire-like Cu(OH)2 and CuO microflowers to sphere-like Cu2O through dehydration and deoxidization in the nitrogen atmosphere. In the Ag-decorated Cu2O sample, Ag peaks were indexed to Face-centered Cubic structure (JCPDS card No. 65-2871, marked with inverted triangles). Besides, by comparing the Cu2O peaks which showed no changes in the Ag-decorated Cu2O sample, we could further confirm the existence of Ag on the surface of Cu2O, which is consistent with the SEM findings.
To examine the SERS property, the measurement of Raman spectrometer under laser wavelength of 632.8 nm as excitation source through the 50x object lens and exposure of 5 s was utlized. Figure 4(a) displays the comparision of Raman signal from 1 mM 4-ATP solution and 1 mM 4-ATP adsorbed on Cu2O surface. Raman peaks of 1081, 1145, 1189, 1384, 1435, and 1587 cm−1 are characteristic SERS signals of the 4-ATP molecule on the Cu2O substrates. Meanwhile, those particular modes can be divided into two groups. The one belongs to a1 mode and these bands at about 1587, 1189, 1081 cm−1 have been assigned to the modes of νCC, 8a (a1), δCH, 9a (a1), νCS, 7a (a1) and νCCC, 7a (a1), respectively [19]. The other is attributed to b2 mode and the peaks at 1435, 1384 and 1145 cm−1 corresponding to 19b2, 3b2, and 9b2 modes of 4-ATP are apparently enhanced while those are found inconspicuous in normal Raman spectra [19]. It could clearly make sure that this hierarchical Cu2O micro/nanospheres have the ability to enhance Raman signal. The results are consistent with the literatures reported for 4-ATP adsorbed onto Cu2O nanocrystals as well as TiO2, which has been attributed to the dominant contribution of the Cu2O-to-molecule mechanism and EM [15,17]. In order to probe the detection limit of Cu2O micro/nanospheres, the samples were immersed into the different concentration of 4-ATP solutions. Figure 4(b) shows the Raman spectra from the hierarchical Cu2O films with 4-ATP concentrations varied from 1 × 10−3 to 10 × 10−6 M. Obviously the signals gradually decrease with decreasing the 4-ATP concentration. We could clearly observe 4-ATP Raman signals when a solution with a concentration as low as 10 μM was used.
Fig. 4 (a) Raman spectra of 4-ATP adsorbed on the Cu2O micro/nanospheres film (top) and the 1 mM 4-ATP solution (bottom). (b) Raman spectra of 4-ATP with variable concentration adsorbed on the Cu2O micro/nanospheres film.
In order to further improve the SERS signal, the decoration of Ag layer on Cu2O micro/nanospheres film was accomplished by thermal evaporation process. Figure 5(a) shows the comparison of bare and Ag-decorated Cu2O micro/nanosphere films in the 1 mM 4-ATP. It can be noticed that in comparison with the bare Cu2O nanostructural film, the Ag-decorated Cu2O micro/nanosphere film exhibits a significantly higher ratio of signal/noise; this suggests a more intense SERS enhancement. The possible SERS enhancement mechanism could be ascribed to EM. Since the EM enhancement is due to a large increase of the electric field caused by surface plasmon resonances induced by the laser light in Ag layer on the surface of Cu2O. The Cu2O micro/nanosphere film is covered by Ag layer and may cause charge transfer from Ag layer and Cu2O nanoparticles to absorber. In addition, the novel and hierarchical Cu2O micro/nanospheres significantly offer large surface area with dense hot spots for immobilizing the 4-ATP molecules. Hence, the adsorbed 4-ATP molecules on the Ag surface are located in an enhanced electromagnetic field and consequently exhibit a stronger Raman signal. The SERS spectra of 4-ATP at different concentrations were further measured by using the Ag-decorated Cu2O micro/nanospheres film as SERS substrate. As shown in Fig. 5(b), the spectral intensities were decreased by diluting the concentrations of the target molecule. Many bands were distinctly observed from the Fig. 5(b) even when the 4-ATP concentration was reduced down to 1 × 10−7 M, demonstrating the high sensitivity of the Ag-decorated Cu2O micro/nanospheres film. These results confirmed that this novel Ag-Cu2O hierarchical film could achieve ultra-trace detection of analyte.
Fig. 5 (a) Raman spectra of 4-ATP adsorbed on the bare and Ag-decorated Cu2O micro/ nanospheres film. (b) Raman spectra of 4-ATP with variable concentration adsorbed on the Ag-decorated Cu2O micro/nanospheres film.
By taking 4-ATP as the test molecule, the enhancement factor (EF) of the Ag-decorated Cu2O micro/nanospheres film as SERS substrate was estimated by the following Eq. (1) [15]:
where ISERS and Ibulk are the Raman signals at a typical vibration (1145 cm−1 were chosen in our study) of the 4-ATP molecules adsorbed on a substrate with the SERS effect and 4-ATP molecules in solution. Nads and Nbulk are the numbers of the adsorbed molecules on Ag-Cu2O micro/nanospheres film and the 4-ATP molecules in solution within the laser spot, respectively. In detail, for determination of Nbulk and Nads, the sampling volume was obtained by the radius of the laser spot (~5 μm) and the penetration depth of the focused laser (~15 μm). The Nbulk was determined by multiplying the volume of the illuminated focus spot size and number density of 4-ATP molecules in solution. The Nads could be estimated by multiplying the area of the illuminated focus spot size, the bounding density of the adsorbed molecules on the nanospheres surfaces, and the number density of nanospheres [15]. Therefore, we can know the ratio Nbulk/Nads was about ~104 within the same area of laser spot. Then the above two samples were tested by Raman spectroscopy under same condition, and thus the ratio ISERS/Ibulk could be calculated to be about ~102 from the intensity of the corresponding peaks. Finally, the EF value was calculated to be about 106. The enhancement factor as high as 1 × 106 revealed the Ag-decorated Cu2O micro/nanospheres film could be used as effective SERS substrate in trace detection.
The Ag-decorated Cu2O micro/nanospheres film was also used as SERS substrate to investigate the relationship between intensities of SERS spectra and 4-ATP concentrations. Five different concentrations were adopted and used to immobilize onto the five samples in the experiment, and the relationship between the intensities and concentrations was drawn in Fig. 6. A linear dependence was found between the logarithmic concentrations of 4-ATP and the intensities of the fingerprint peak (1145 cm−1) as shown in Eq. (2) below, where I is the peak intensity of the SERS spectra of 4-ATP, and C is the concentration of 4-ATP.
Fig. 6 The linear relationship between the logarithmic intensities at 1145 cm−1 and concentrations of 4-ATP.
4. Conclusions
In summary, the novel Ag-decorated Cu2O micro/nanospheres on Cu foil made by a simple and facile process could be successfully applied to active SERS substrate. Direct-grown Cu2O hierarchical films with micro/nanospheres on copper foil were fabricated via a template route through the transformation of lotus-like CuO/Cu(OH)2 nanosheets/nanowires at annealing temperature of 500 °C for 4 h under a nitrogen atmosphere. The decoration of Ag on hierarchical Cu2O nanostructures was further analyzed by SEM, EDS, and XRD. The SERS measurement results indicated that the Ag-decorated Cu2O micro/nanospheres with high density of hot spots exhibited excellent performance with EF value of 106. This hierarchical SERS substrate also demonstrated good reproducibility and a linear dependence between concentration and intensity. Therefore, our work has demonstrated a simple way to synthesize Ag-decorated Cu2O micro/nanospheres as effective SERS substrate.
Acknowledgments
This research was financially supported by Ministry of Science and Technology, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (MOST 103-2112-M-213-001-MY2) and National Dong Hwa University (No. NSC 101-2221-E-259-011 and 102T932), respectively.
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