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Abstract
A low-loss and low-crosstalk multimode waveguide bend is proposed and demonstrated for mode-division-multiplexed optical interconnects. The proposed 90°-bend is composed of two identical 45°-bends, which are defined as modified Euler curves. For the designed 90° Euler-bend with a core width of 2.36 μm for supporting four TM-polarization modes, it is allowed to achieve an effective radius as small as 45 μm, which is about 1/4 of the radius (~175 μm) for a regular 90° arc-bend. In theory, this proposed 90° Euler-bend has very low excess losses (<0.1 dB) and very low inter-mode crosstalks (<−25 dB) over a broad wavelength-band. A silicon photonic integrated circuit is designed, fabricated and characterized by integrating a pair of mode (de)multiplexers and a multimode bus waveguide with a Euler S-bend consisting of two cascaded 90° Euler-bends. The measurement results show that the fabricated Euler S-bend has low excess losses of <0.5 dB and low inter-mode crosstalks of <−20 dB over a broad band from 1520 nm to 1610 nm for all the 4 mode-channels of TM polarization.
© 2018 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement
1. Introduction
The demand for high capacity optical interconnects grows rapidly in the past decades, and thus various advanced multiplexing technologies [1–4], including wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM), polarization-division-multiplexing (PDM), spatial-division-multiplexing (SDM), and mode-division-multiplexing (MDM), have been developed. Among them, the MDM technology significantly increases the link capacity for a single wavelength carrier by transmitting multiple mode-channels in parallel along a multimode bus waveguide [4, 5]. It is well known that compact multimode waveguide bends are indispensable for routing the data transmission as well as designing photonic integrated circuits (PICs) flexibly. The compatibility with conventional electronic CMOS foundries makes silicon photonics popular an emerging competitive solution for next-generation scalable data communications [6]. As it is well known, the ultra-high index-contrast of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) strip waveguides enables an ultra-sharp bend with a radius as small as several microns when operating with the singlemode condition [7–10]. However, for multimode waveguide bends, the mode fields become asymmetric increasingly when the bending radius decreases [11–15]. For those multiple mode-channels propagating along the multimode bus waveguide with sharp bends, the mismatching between the modal fields in multimode straight waveguides (SWGs) and multimode bent waveguides (BWGs) introduces significant excess losses and inter-mode crosstalks [11–15].
Great efforts had been made to achieve compact multimode waveguide bends with low losses and low crosstalks [11–15]. In [11], Lucas et al. applied the transformation optics theory to diminish the mode mismatch by gradually varying the core-height of the BWG. For this case, some special fabrication processes are required, e.g., the grayscale lithography. A kind of vertical multimode waveguide supporting multiple modes in vertical direction was proposed to achieve a sharp bend (e.g., ~5 μm) enabling low losses and low crosstalks [13]. However, this does not work for the case when the top-silicon layer is thin, e.g., 220 nm, which has been used very popularly. In [14], a step-tapered mode converter was demonstrated to realize a compact waveguide bend with effective radius R = 10 μm (including the length of the mode converters) for two lowest-order modes. However, it is not easy to be extended for the multimode waveguide bends with more than two higher-order modes. Another novel mode converter with subwavelength-structured PMMA upper-cladding was introduced to enable a compact multimode waveguide bend with an effective radius R′ = 45.8 μm for four TM mode-channels [15].
One might notice that the trajectory design method has been applied to realize adiabatic and low-loss waveguides for singlemode bus waveguides [16–21]. An algorithm for designing low-loss adiabatic connections in singlemode waveguides was proposed theoretically [16] and was demonstrated experimentally [17]. Various structures utilizing specific trajectories, such as polynomial spline [18], sine-circle-sine curve [19,20], Euler curve [21,22] have been used to realize the compact singlemode waveguides. In particular, for multimode waveguide bends, Bezier curve is applied to minimize mode mismatch at the SWG-BWG junction [23,24]. In this case, Bezier curve is designed by adjusting the form factor B. One usually prefers a small value for the form factor B in order to achieve a sufficiently large curvature radius at the SWG-BWG junction. On the other hand, a small value of B leads to a small curvature radius near the knee of the bend. As a result, the trajectory might not be adiabatic sufficiently, which makes the design inflexible. As it is well known, Euler curve has a variant curvature, which linearly increases from zero along the curve [21,22]. In this case, the modal fields in SWGs gradually convert to the modal fields in BWGs with low losses. However, the previous works focus on the design of singlemode waveguide bends [21,22]. One should notice that the situation becomes very complex for multimode waveguide bends due to the inter-mode crosstalk. In this paper, we propose and realize a low-loss and low-crosstalk multimode waveguide bend defined with a modified Euler curve. As an example, a 90° Euler-bend with a core width of 2.36 μm for supporting four TM-polarization modes is realized with an effective radius as small as 45 μm, which is about 1/16 of the size for a regular 90° arc-bend.
2. Structure and design
Figure 1(a) shows the schematic configuration of the present 90° Euler-bend composed of a pair of 45° modified-Euler bends, which is determined by the maximal and minimal curvature radii (Rmax and Rmin). Correspondingly, the effective radius Reff is defined as the radius of a 90° arc-bend in the square area occupied by the 90° Euler-bend, as shown in Fig. 1(b). The curvature of the modified Euler curve is defined as
where L is the curve length from the starting point (0, 0) to position (x, y), R is the curvature radius, A is a constant. The constant A is given bywhere L0 is the curve length corresponding to the end-position (xE, yE) where R = Rmin. It can be transformed to be with the Cartesian coordinate system, as shown in Eqs. (3)-(4),
Fig. 1 Schematic configurations for 90°-bends. (a) The 90° Euler-bend composed of a pair of 45° modified Euler-curves with a maximum curvature radius Rmax at the starting point (0, 0) and a minimum curvature radius Rmin at the end point (xE, yE); (b) A regular 90° arc-bend with a constant radius R = Reff (here the modified Euler curve is also shown by the dashed curve to give a comparison).
In order to minimize the excess losses and the inter-mode crosstalk, the design rule for choosing the bending radii Rmax and Rmin of the modified Euler bend is described as follows. (1) The maximal curvature radius Rmax should be large enough to void significant mode mismatch at the SWG-BWG junction; (2) The minimum curvature radius Rmin should as small as possible to be compact. Meanwhile, it should also be large enough to make the waveguide bended adiabatically. As an example, in this paper we consider the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform with a 220 nm top-silicon layer (i.e., hco = 220 nm) and 2 μm SiO2 buried layer. The width of the multimode waveguide is chosen as 2.36 μm for supporting four mode-channels of TM polarization when operating at the wavelength around λ0 = 1550 nm. Here we consider TM-polarization modes as an example because the high-performance mode (de)multiplexer for TM polarization is available in our lab.
In order to determine the maximal curvature radius Rmax for the modified Euler-bend, the mode mismatch between an SWG and a BWG with a constant curvature radius Rmax is evaluated according to the excitation ratios of the four TM modes in the BWG when any given TM mode is launched from the input SWG. The excitation ratios are obtained by calculating the overlap integral between the eigenmodes in the SWG and the eigenmodes in the BWG with a constant curvature radius Rmax. Here a Finite Difference Eigenmode (FDE) solver provided by Lumerical MODE Solutions is used. Figures 2(a)-2(d) show the calculated mode excitation ratio ξij from the i-th TM mode launched at the input SWG to the j-th TM mode in the modified-Euler bend as the curvature radius Rmax varies for the cases with i = 0, 1, 2, and 3, respectively. From the figures, one sees that the curvature radius Rmax should be >300 μm in order to make the undesired mode excitation ratio ξij (i≠j) be less than −30 dB. Here we choose Rmax = 600 μm to be safe considering the wavelength-dependence and fabrication errors. The minimum curvature radius Rmin is then determined according to the excess loss and inter-mode crosstalk calculated from the simulation of light propagation along a 90° modified Euler-bend as the radius Rmin varies. Here a three-dimensional (3D) finite-difference time domain (FDTD) method supported by Lumerical FDTD Solutions is used for simulating the light propagation in the whole structure consisting of an input SWG, a 90° modified Euler-bend, and an output SWG. We calculate the wavelength-dependence of the coupled power Tij from the i-th TM mode at the input SWG to the j-th TM mode at the output SWG. Here the excess loss is given by ELi = −10log10Tii while the inter-mode crosstalk is given by CTij = 10log10Tij (j≠i). Since the crosstalk between the TM0 mode and the TM1 mode is dominant, we focus on the case when the TM0 mode is launched. The calculated results for the coupled power T0j with the cases of Rmin = 15, 20, 25, and 30 μm are shown in Figs. 3(a)-3(d), respectively. From Figs. 3(a)-3(d), it can be seen that the inter-mode crosstalk CTij between the TM0 and TM1 modes is indeed the dominant one since the mode overlap between them is the largest among four modes when the mode profiles are distorted in the multimode waveguide bend. When choosing Rmin = 15 μm, the inter-mode crosstalk CT01 is as high as −10 dB in the wavelength band of 1500~1600 nm. It is not surprise that the crosstalk can be reduced by increasing the minimum curvature radius Rmin. For the present case, when increasing the minimum curvature radius to Rmin = 25 μm, the inter-mode crosstalk decreases to <−25 dB and the excess loss is <0.04 dB. In order to be compact, we choose Rmin = 25 μm in our case.
Fig. 2 Calculated mode excitation ratio ξij from the i-th mode launched at the input SWG to the j-th mode in a BWG with a constant curvature radius Rmax varies for the cases with i = 0 (a), 1 (b), 2 (c), and 3 (d), respectively.
Fig. 3 Calculated transmissions in the whole structure consisting of an input SWG, a 90° modified Euler-bend, and an output SWG when the TM0 mode is launched at the input SWG. The 90° Euler bend is designed with Rmin = 15 μm (a), 20 μm (b), 25 μm (c), and 30 μm (d). Here Rmax = 600 μm.
In the following parts, we set Rmax = 600 μm and Rmin = 25 μm for the modified 90° Euler-bend and simulate the light propagation in the multimode bus waveguide consisting of an input SWG, a 90° Euler-bend, and an output SWG. Figures 4(a)-4(d) show the calculated transmission Tij from the i-th mode launched at the input SWG to the j-th mode in the output SWG for the cases with i = 0, 1, 2, and 3, respectively. It can be seen that the excess losses are <0.04 dB and the inter-mode crosstalk is <−25 dB over a broad wavelength-band from 1500 nm to 1600 nm for all the 4 mode-channels. As a comparison, the transmissions Tij for the cases with a 90° arc-bend are also calculated, as shown in Figs. 5(a)-5(d). In this case, the excess losses are ~1.5 dB, ~1.5 dB, ~0.3 dB, and ~0.3 dB while the inter-mode crosstalks are as high as ~−5 dB, ~−5 dB, ~−10 dB, ~−12 dB for the TM0, TM1, TM2, and TM3 modes, respectively. The present modified Euler-bend enables much lower excess losses and much lower inter-mode crosstalks than the regular arc-bend.
Fig. 4 Calculated transmissions Tij from the i-th mode launched at the input SWG to the j-th TM mode in the output SWG for the cases with i = 0 (a), 1 (b), 2 (c), and 3 (d), respectively. Here the modified 90° Euler-bend is with Rmax = 600 μm, Rmin = 25 μm and Reff = 45 μm.
Fig. 5 Calculated transmissions Tij from the i-th mode launched at the input SWG to the j-th TM mode in the output SWG for the cases with i = 0 (a), 1 (b), 2 (c), and 3 (d), respectively. Here the 90° arc-bend is with R = 45 μm.
Figures 6(a)-6(d) show the simulated light propagation in the designed 90° Euler-bend with an effective radius Reff = 45 μm (i.e., Rmax = 600 μm, and Rmin = 25 μm) when operating with λ0 = 1550 nm by launching different mode-channels (TMi) from the input SWG, i = 0, 1, 2, and 3. The insets show the input/output mode field in the input/output SWGs. It can be seen that the electric field in the 90° Euler-bend is very uniform and no notable inter-mode crosstalks are observed. This verifies that the designed 90° Euler-bend indeed enables low-loss and low-crosstalk propagation for the launched TMi mode. The light propagation in the regular 90° arc-bend is also simulated, as shown in Figs. 6(e)-6(h). Here the regular 90° arc-bend has a bending radius R = 45 μm, which is the same as the effective bending radius Reff of the designed 90° Euler-bend. From Figs. 6(e)-6(h), notable multimode interference is observed when any mode-channel is launched from the input SWG. This indicates that more than one modes are excited in the 90° arc-bend and thus some significant undesired excess losses and crosstalks are introduced.
Fig. 6 Simulated light propagation in the designed 90° Euler-bend with Reff = 45 μm (i.e., Rmax = 600 μm, and Rmin = 25 μm) (a-d) and the regular 90° arc-bend with R = 45 μm (e-h), when launching the TMi mode-channel from the input SWG. Here i = 0 (a, e), 1 (b, f), 2 (c, g), 3 (4, h).
3. Fabrication and measurement
The designed bent structures were fabricated on an SOI wafer with a 220 nm-thick top-silicon layer and a 2 μm-thick buried-dioxide-layer. The processes of electron-beam lithography and ICP (inductively coupled plasma) dry-etching were applied to etch through the silicon core. The Microscope and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images of the fabricated silicon PIC and the devices are shown in Fig. 7. The PIC consists of a 4-channel mode multiplexer (ITM1, ITM2, ITM3, and ITM4), a multimode bus waveguide with an S-bend, and a 4-channel mode demultiplexer (OTM1, OTM2, OTM3, and OTM4). The width of the multimode bus waveguide and the S-bend are 2.36 μm as we designed in Sec. 2 for supporting four TM-polarization modes. Here the 4-channel mode (de)multiplexers are based on cascaded asymmetric directional couplers (ADCs) [25]. Focused grating couplers for TM-polarization were used for the chip-fiber coupling for the convenience of our lab. A broad-band amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) light source was used as the source and an optical spectrum analyzer was applied to readout the transmissions at the output ports. By launching light at each input port and monitoring the transmission at each output port, one can characterize the excess losses and inter-mode crosstalks for each mode-channel. The measured results were then normalized with respect to the transmission of a 450 nm-wide straight waveguide with grating couplers on the same chip.
Fig. 7 Microscope mage of the fabricated silicon PIC consists of a 4-channel mode multiplexer (ITM1, ITM2, ITM3, and ITM4), a multimode bus waveguide with an S-bend, and 4-channel mode demultiplexer (OTM1, OTM2, OTM3, and OTM4); (b) Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images of the S-bends with two 90° Euler-bends; (c) SEM image of a 90° arc-bends.
Figures 8(a)-8(d) show the measured spectral responses of the transmissions for the fabricated silicon PIC consists of a 4-channel mode multiplexer, a fabricated S-bend with the 90° Euler-bends, and 4-channel mode demultiplexer. It can be seen that the inter-mode crosstalk is ~−20 dB over a broad band from 1520 nm to 1610 nm for all the four channels. To be specific, the measured crosstalk at the wavelength of 1550 nm is about −26.1 dB, −21.4 dB, −19.2 dB, and −19.2 dB for the TM0, TM1, TM2, and TM3 modes, respectively. The crosstalks of the TM0 and TM1 are below −20 dB over a 90 nm bandwidth. For the TM2 and TM3 modes, the crosstalk may rise to −18 dB, as shown in Figs. 8(c)-(d). Some notable excess losses (2~5 dB) are also observed in the wavelength-band longer than 1580 nm for higher-order mode-channels. However, one should notice that the crosstalk level is apparently limited by the performance of the mode (de)multiplexers. Figures 9(a)-9(d) show the measured spectral responses of the transmissions for the silicon PIC consists of a 4-channel mode multiplexer, a straight multimode bus waveguide, and 4-channel mode demultiplexer when launching the TM0, TM1, TM2 and TM3 modes, respectively. When comparing with the measurement results shown in Figs. 8(a)-(d) and Figs. 9(a)-(d), it can be seen that the on-chip mode (de)multiplexers are the dominant sources for the excess losses and the mode-channel crosstalks. For the on-chip mode (de)multiplexers, the excess losses are 0.2~5 dB and the inter-mode crosstalks are ~−20 dB. This comparison shows that the present 90° Euler-bend has low excess losses of <0.5 dB and low inter-mode crosstalks of <−20 dB over a broad band from 1520 nm to 1610 nm for all the 4 mode-channels of TM polarization, which is consistent with the theoretical results given in Fig. 4. We also fabricated the PIC consisting an S-bend based on 90° arc-bends with R = 45 μm [see in Fig. 7(c)], and the measured spectral responses of the transmissions for all the 4 mode-channels are shown in Figs. 10(a)-(d). It can be seen that all four mode-channels have high excess losses, while the inter-mode crosstalks between TM0 and TM1, TM2 and TM3 are very large. This agrees well with the theoretical prediction shown in Figs. 5(a)-(d).
Fig. 8 Measured spectral responses of the transmissions for the fabricated silicon PIC consists of a 4-channel mode multiplexer, a fabricated S-bend with the 90° Euler-bends, and 4-channel mode demultiplexer when launching the TM0 (a), TM1 (b), TM2 (c) and TM3 (d) modes, respectively.
Fig. 9 Measured spectral responses of the transmissions for the silicon PIC consists of a 4-channel mode multiplexer, a straight multimode bus waveguide, and 4-channel mode demultiplexer when launching the TM0 (a), TM1 (b), TM2 (c) and TM3 (d) modes, respectively.
Fig. 10 Measured spectral responses of the transmissions for the PIC consists of a 4-channel mode multiplexer, a fabricated S-bend with the 90° arc-bends, and 4-channel mode demultiplexer when launching TM0 (a), TM1 (b), TM2 (c) and TM3 (d) modes, respectively.
4. Conclusion
In summary, we have proposed and realized a low-loss and low-crosstalk multimode waveguide bend on silicon by introducing modified Euler-bends. In theory the designed 90° Euler-bend has very low excess losses (<0.1 dB) and very low inter-mode crosstalk (<−25 dB) with a compact effective radius as small as 45 μm, which is about 1/4 of the radius (~175 μm) for a regular 90° arc-bend. Correspondingly, the occupied area is as small as 1/16 of that of the regular 90° arc-bend. For the present Euler-bend, there is no tiny structure and no additional fabrication steps are needed. Thus, the fabrication is easy and simple, including a one-step lithography and one-step dry-etching processes. Furthermore, the present Euler-bend insensitive to the variations of the core-width or the core-height in the bent section because of the adiabatic design. Silicon PICs consisting of a 4-channel mode multiplexer, a multimode bus waveguide with an S-bend consisting of two cascaded 90°-bends, a 4-channel mode demultiplexer have been designed and fabricated. The measurement results show that the fabricated Euler-S-bend has excess losses of <0.5 dB and inter-mode crosstalks of <−20 dB over a broad band from 1520 nm to 1610 nm for all 4 mode-channels of TM polarization. The present design can be extended for more mode-channels and also for TE-polarization when the multimode waveguide bend is designed carefully by optimizing the core-width and the bending radius. The proposed multimode waveguide bend is useful for on-chip MDM optical interconnects.
Funding
Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation (Z18F050002); National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (61725503, 61431166001, 11861121002); National Major Research and Development Program (No. 2016YFB0402502).
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