Abstract

Smart pixels that incorporate vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) have shown great potential for use in optical computing systems and photonic switching networks because the integration of the VCSELs makes optical circuits easy to construct. VCSELs are also a good match for electronic circuits because they operate at a low voltage and a low current. Many smart pixels that use VCSELs have been demonstrated [1-4]. In this paper, we describe VCSEL-based smart pixels that are integrated with photodetectors and electrical circuits in monolithic or hybrid structures. We also discuss the power consumption and packing density of the smart pixel.

© 1997 Optical Society of America