Abstract

Although subjective determination of refractive error is the definitive clinical technique for central vision, the standard subjective procedure is not routinely used for peripheral vision because acuity is much too low to be affected by small changes in refractive state [1]. Instead, objective methods such as retinoscopy [1,2,3] and refractometry [3,4,5] have been used in most published studies. In general these studies show a significant increase in astigmatism when compared to central refractive errors, with additional, systematic variations that are correlated with type of ametropia [3,6,7].

© 1995 Optical Society of America