Design and analysis of an optical three-input AND gate using a photonic crystal fiber

Maddala Rachana; Sandip Swarnakar; Sabbi Vamshi Krishna; Santosh Kumar; Santosh Kumar

doi:10.1364/AO.443424

Applied Optics
Vol. 61,
Issue 1,
pp. 77-83
(2022)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.443424

Design and analysis of an optical three-input AND gate using a photonic crystal fiber

Maddala Rachana, Sandip Swarnakar, Sabbi Vamshi Krishna, and Santosh Kumar

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Maddala Rachana, Sandip Swarnakar, Sabbi Vamshi Krishna, and Santosh Kumar, "Design and analysis of an optical three-input AND gate using a photonic crystal fiber," Appl. Opt. 61, 77-83 (2022)

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Table of Contents Category
- Optical Devices, Sensors, and Detectors
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: September 15, 2021
- Revised Manuscript: November 19, 2021
- Manuscript Accepted: November 19, 2021
- Published: December 21, 2021

Abstract

In this paper, a three-input AND logic gate is employed using a 2D photonic crystal T-shaped waveguide using a silicon in an air medium. In contrast to other gates, the key functions of employing an AND gate are recognition, error correction, code conversion, data encryption/decryption, and arithmetic operations. The proposed footprint is ${8.4}\;{\rm{\unicode{x00B5}{\rm m}}} \times {5.4}\;{\rm{\unicode{x00B5}{\rm m}}}$, which is a modest size. The performance of the proposed AND gate is investigated by employing the finite-difference time-domain approach, and the outputs are validated at wavelength ($\lambda$) of 1.55 µm. The outcomes clearly show the higher contrast ratio (CR) of 24.533 dB, and the worst case CR of is 8.6 dB; transmission efficiency values for minimum and maximum values are 19.6% and 142%; reaction time is 26 fs; insertion loss is 1.52 dB; and bit rate is 38.4 Tbps, which can be used in high-speed optical signal processing. The suggested circuit’s primary objective is to consume minimal space and possess high CR.

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Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Input Condition				Phase Angles
A	B	C	Reference Input	A	B	C	Reference Input
0	0	0	1	–	–	–	180°
0	0	1	1	–	–	0°	0°
0	1	0	1	–	0°	–	0°
0	1	1	1	–	180°	0°	0°
1	0	0	1	0°	–	–	0°
1	0	1	1	180°	–	0°	0°
1	1	0	1	180°	0°	–	0°
1	1	1	1	0°	0°	180°	0°

Inputs
A	B	C	Reference Input	Output	Output Power
0	0	0	1	0	0.196
0	0	1	1	0	0.14
0	1	0	1	0	0.07
0	1	1	1	0	0.122
1	0	0	1	0	0.005
1	0	1	1	0	0.075
1	1	0	1	0	0.028
1	1	1	1	1	1.42

Inputs			Output Power Intensities for Different Values of Refractive Index
			3.36	3.38	3.4	3.42	3.44
A	B	C	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
0	0	0	0.2	0.197	0.196	0.25	0.25
0	0	1	0.12	0.123	0.14	0.186	0.153
0	1	0	0.06	0.077	0.07	0.11	0.100
0	1	1	0.179	0.198	0.122	0.20	0.24
1	0	0	0.010	0.009	0.005	0.03	0.033
1	0	1	0.092	0.087	0.075	0.10	0.147
1	1	0	0.024	0.026	0.028	0.026	0.027
1	1	1	1.502	1.417	1.42	1.40	1.495

Inputs			Radius of Photonic Crystals Rods
A	B	C	0.18a	0.19a	0.2a	0.21a	0.22a
0	0	0	0.24	0.26	0.196	0.148	0.156
0	0	1	0.148	0.188	0.14	0.037	0.013
0	1	0	0.11	0.127	0.07	0.033	0.058
0	1	1	0.216	0.210	0.122	0.213	0.297
1	0	0	0.042	0.26	0.005	0.148	0.100
1	0	1	0.11	0.183	0.075	0.037	0.081
1	1	0	0.052	0.127	0.028	0.033	0.058
1	1	1	1.439	1.405	1.42	1.364	1.261

Sl. No.	Parameters	3–Input Ring Resonator [6]	3–Input AND Gate [7]	2-Input Directional Coupler [27]	2-Input Non-Linear Kerr Effect [16]	2-Input AND Gate [44]	3-Input Square Lattice Structure [4]	3-Input Ring Resonator [18]	3-Input Y-shaped Ring Resonator [19]	3-Input Cascading AND Gate [20]	Proposed 3-Input T-shape AND Gate
1.	Material used	Nonlinear (Kerr effect)	GaAs	Silicon nano crystals	n.r.^a	Silicon	n.r.^a	Silicon	Silicon	n.r.^a	Silicon
2.	Number of inputs	3- input	3- input	2-input	2- input	2-input	3-input	3-input	3- input	3- input	3-input
3.	Rod radius	124 nm	Rods are varied in between 0.0782 to 0.095 µm	0.2 a	n.r.^a	0.17 a	0.12 µm	120 nm junction rod = 50 nm, center rod = 320 nm	0.11 µm	n.r.^a	0.2a
4.	Device size	$30 \times 40$	$27 a \times 21 a$	n.r.^a	$304 (µ m)^{2}$	$16 \times 17$	$30 \times 20$ rods	$21 \times 21$	$21 \times 21$	$30 \times 20$	$14 a \times 9 a$ ( $8.4 µ m \times 5.4 µ m$ )
5.	Wavelength	1550 nm	1550 nm	1550 nm	1550 nm	1550 nm	1.55 µm	1550 nm	1550 nm	1.55 µm	$1550 n m$
6.	Lattice constant (a)	616 nm	0.55 µm	565 nm	0.6 µm	0.6 µm	0.6 µm	600 nm	580 nm	n.r.^a	$0.6 µ m$
7.	Refractive index	3.46	3.61	3.46	n.r.^a	3.4	3.47	3.46	3.6	n.r.^a	3.4
8.	Contrast ratio (dB)	n.r.^a	36.76 dB	n.r.^a	6.19 dB	n.r.^a	n.r.^a	10.96 dB	19.54 dB	8.2 dB	$10 l o g (\frac{1.42}{0.005}) = 24.533 d B$
											$10 l o g (\frac{1.42}{0.196}) = 8.6 d B$
9.	Response time	n.r.^a	n.r.^a	n.r.^a	0.24 ps	n.r.^a	n.r.^a	n.r.^a	0.92 ps	n.r.^a	26 fs
10.	Bit rate	n.r.^a	2.78 Tbps	1 Tbps	n.r.^a	n.r.^a	n.r.^a	n.r.^a	1.08 Tbps	n.r.^a	38.4 Tbps
11.	Transmission efficiency	n.r.^a	n.r.^a	n.r.^a	n.r.^a	n.r.^a	n.r.^a	n.r.^a	n.r.^a	n.r.^a	19.6%
12.	Insertion loss	n.r.^a	n.r.^a	n.r.^a	n.r.^a	n.r.^a	n.r.^a	n.r.^a	n.r.^a	n.r.^a	1.52 dB

Abstract

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Applied Optics