Abstract
Low threshold current, circular output mode, and dense 2-D array capability makes the vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) an attractive light source for a variety of uses. However, the power output, wall-plug efficiency, and maximum operating temperature are limited by excessive heating due to the series resistance of monolithic semiconductor Bragg mirrors and the high thermal resistance peculiar to its geometry.
© 1992 Optical Society of America
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