Synchronous optical intensity and phase measurements to characterize Rayleigh&#x2013;B&#x00E9;nard convection

Nathaniel A. Ferlic; Svetlana Avramov-Zamurovic; Owen O’Malley; K. Peter Judd; Linda J. Mullen

doi:10.1364/JOSAA.492749

Journal of the Optical Society of America A
Vol. 40,
Issue 9,
pp. 1662-1672
(2023)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.492749

Synchronous optical intensity and phase measurements to characterize Rayleigh–Bénard convection

Nathaniel A. Ferlic, Svetlana Avramov-Zamurovic, Owen O’Malley, K. Peter Judd, and Linda J. Mullen

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Nathaniel A. Ferlic, Svetlana Avramov-Zamurovic, Owen O’Malley, K. Peter Judd, and Linda J. Mullen, "Synchronous optical intensity and phase measurements to characterize Rayleigh–Bénard convection," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 40, 1662-1672 (2023)

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Abstract

Propagation of a laser beam through the Rayleigh–Bénard (RB) convection is experimentally investigated using synchronous optical wavefront and intensity measurements. Experimental results characterize the turbulence strength and length scales, which are used to inform numerical wave optic simulations employing phase screens. Experimentally found parameters are the refractive index structure constant, mean flow rate, kinetic and thermal dissipation rates, Kolmogorov microscale, outer scale, and shape of the refractive index power spectrum using known models. Synchronization of the wavefront and intensity measurements provide statistics of each metric at the same instance in time, allowing for two methods of comparison with numerical simulations. Numerical simulations prove to be within agreement of experimental and published results. Synchronized measurements provided more insight to develop reliable propagation models. It is determined that the RB test bed is applicable for simulating realistic undersea environments.

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Parameter	Tank 1 [1,12,14,15]	Tank 2 [18,19]	Tank 3 [28,29]
$Δ T$	2–10	3–5	10–25
$L$	0.5	0.6	0.1
$R a \times 10^{9}$	5.0–25	13–22	0.2–0.7
$C_{n}^{2} \times 10^{- 10}$	0.1–10	0.66–1.4	9000–11000
$l_{0}$	2–3	–	1–2
$L_{0}$	28	10–20	4–33

Axis	$r_{0} [m m]$	$σ_{R}^{2}$	$C_{n}^{2} [m^{- 2 / 3}]$
$X$	$3.89 \pm 1.51$	$0.050 \pm 0.070$	$2.56 \pm 1.55 \times 10^{- 10}$
$Y$	$3.71 \pm 1.47$	$0.052 \pm 0.065$	$2.76 \pm 1.67 \times 10^{- 10}$

Spectrum	$η$ [mm]	$l_{b}$ [mm]	$l_{0}$ [mm]	$L_{0}$ [cm]
Nikishov	0.5	0.2	0.7	6.1
Hill model-4	0.6	0.2	0.8	1.73
von Kármán	2.2	0.5	3.3	1.50

Quantity	Method 1	Method 2	Method 3
$ϵ \times 10^{- 6} [m^{2} s^{- 3}]$	7.79	0.43	0.11
$χ_{T} \times 10^{- 4} [K^{2} s^{- 1}]$	2.46	0.94	0.59
$l_{0} [m m]$	0.8	2.4	1.7
$l_{b} [m m]$	0.2	0.1	0.1
$η [m m]$	0.6	0.5	0.5

Parameter	Notation	Value
Grid size [cm]		$2.5 \times 2.5$
Grid sample	$N_{g}$	$2048 \times 2048$
Grid spacing [µm]	$δ$	12.2
Propagation distance [m]	$D_{z}$	1.2
Propagation steps	$N_{z}$	1.2
Propagation spacing [m]	$Δ z$	0.25
Wavelength [nm]	$λ$	632.8
Initial spot size [mm]	$w_{0}$	6
Kolmogorov microscale [mm]	$η$	$0.6 \pm 0.65$
Outer scale [cm]	$L_{0}$	$1.73 \pm 4.5$
Anisotropy	$μ_{a}$	$0.8 \pm 0.55$
Refractive index $[m^{- 2 / 3}]$	$C_{n}^{2}$	$2.5 \pm 1.5 \times 10^{- 10}$

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Journal of the Optical Society of America A